Руперт Шелдрейк Семь экспериментов, которые изменят мир



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1 Интересные соображения по поводу такой тенденции в Велико­британии см.: Берман М. Гегемония и традиция дилетантизма в британской науке (Berman M. Hegemony and the Amateur Tra­dition in British Science. Journal of Social History, 1974, 8:30—50).

2 Kuhn, T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970 (рус. пер.: Кун, Т. Струк­тура научных революций. М.: ACT, 2001).


3 Поппер, К., Экклз, Дж. «Я» и мозг (Popper, К., and J. Eccles. The Self and its Brain. Berlin: Springer, 1977).

4 Подробную историю этого идейного противостояния можно най­ти в книгах: Шелдрейк, Р. Новая наука о жизни: Гипотеза фор­мообразующей причинности (Sheldrake, R. A New Science of Life: The Hypothesis of Formative Causation. London: Blond and Briggs, 1981) и Шелдрейк, Р. Присутствие прошлого: морфический резонанс и привычки природы (Sheldrake, R. The Presence of the Past: Morphic Resonance and the Habits of Nature. London: Collins, 1988).

5 К примеру, два ведущих ученых школы виталистов начала XX в. — Ганс Дриш и Анри Бергсон — в разное время возглав­ляли Британское общество психических исследований [ставя­щее своей целью изучение паранормальных явлений. — Ред.]. Виталистические взгляды натуралиста Эжена Маре позволили провести оригинальные исследования поведения общественных насекомых. Идеи Э. Маре, касающиеся колоний термитов, об­суждаются в третьей главе этой книги. Среди ученых-психоло­гов тогда открыто рассматривалась проблема необычных способностей животных. См.: Хайнс, Р. Тайные истоки: исследование в области экстрасенсорного восприятия (Haynes, R. The Hidden Springs: An Enquiry into Extra-Sensory Perception. London: Hutchinson, 1973).

6 Оккам использовал этот аргумент в качестве опровержения пла­тоновского тезиса о том, что вечные, универсальные идеи су­ществуют или сами по себе, или в Божественном разуме. К тому же этот аргумент противоречит предположению, согласно ко­торому универсальные математические законы природы суще­ствуют независимо от человеческого разума. Многие сторонни­ки механистического подхода и, несомненно, многие физики — скрытые платоники и в этой части своих рассуждений не при­меняют «бритву Оккама». Оккам также использовал свой аргу­мент в полемике с аристотелианцами, опровергая их доктрину о присутствии нематериального духа в материальной оболочке. В соответствии с его взглядами поля (к примеру, гравитационные, электромагнитные) в принципе не могут существовать. Большинство сторонников механистической теории не воспри­нимают всерьез эту часть философской концепции Оккама, рас­сматривая обнаруженные поля как реальные объекты, а не как абстрактные модели, построенные в умах физиков.

7 Некоторые даже рассматривают этот вопрос в свете изначаль­ной общемировой борьбы добра со злом, со «зверем, дремлющим там, внизу», как выразился ученый из Гарвардского универси­тета Джеральд Холтон. Недавно он призвал сторонников меха­нистической теории — которую называет «разумным» мировоз­зрением — быть начеку и попытаться «вырвать клыки» у этого «зверя», «поскольку необходимость этого вытекает из самой теории»: см. Холтон, Дж. Подходы к феномену «антинауки» (Holton, G. How to think about the «anti-science» phenomenon. Public Understanding of Science, 1992, 1 103—128).

8 Подробнее на эту тему см.: Шелдрейк, Р. Присутствие прошлого: морфический резонанс и привычки природы (Sheldrake, R. The Presence of the Past: Morphic Resonance and the Habits of Nature. London: Collins, 1988).

9 См., например: Prigogine, I., and I. Stengers. Order Out of Chaos.Heinemann: London, 1984 (рус. пер.: Пригожий, И., Стенгерс, И. Порядок из хаоса. М.: «Прогресс», 1986); Gleik, J. Chaos: Making a New Science. London: Heinemann, 1988 (рус. пер.: Глейк, Дж. Хаос: создание новой науки. СПб.: Амфора, 2001); и Уолдроп, М.М. Сложность: зарождающаяся наука на грани порядка и хаоса (Waldrop, M.M. Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos. London: Viking, 1993).

10 Подробнее о значении этих открытий см.: Шелдрейк, Р. Возрож­дение природы: новый расцвет науки и Бог (Sheldrake, R. The Rebirth of Nature: The Greening of Science and God. London: Century, 1990).

11 Лонг, У.Дж. Как разговаривают животные (Long, W.J. How Animals Talk. New York: Harper, 1919, pp. 78 — 79).


12 Лонг, У.Дж. Как разговаривают животные (Long, W.J. How Animals Talk. New York: Harper, 1919, pp. 81—82).

13 Серпелл, Дж. В компании животных (Serpell, J. In the Company of Animals. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, pp. 103—104).

14 Серпелл, Дж. В компании животных (Serpell, J. In the Company of Animals. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, p. 107).

15 Новый английский словарь (The New Penguin English Dic­tionary. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1986).

16 В США наиболее известной подобной группой является CSICOP — Комитет по научному расследованию заявлений о паранормальных явлениях (Общество скептиков). Он проводит ежегодные конференции для скептически настроенных людей и издает журнал «The Sceptical Inquirer». Похожие организации в настоящее время основаны и в других странах и также изда­ют собственные журналы, к примеру, «The British and Irish Sceptic».

17 Серпелл, Дж. В компании животных (Serpell, J. In the Company of Animals. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, pp. 11 — 12).

18 Хамфри, Н. Возвращенное сознание: главы в истории разви­тия разума (Humphrey, N. Consciousness Regained: Chapters in the Development of Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983).


19 Вудхаус, Б. Разговоры с животными (Woodhouse, В. Talking to Animals. London: Allen Lane, 1980, p. 202).

20 Смит, П. Речь животных: межвидовое телепатическое общение (Smith, P. Animal Talk: Interspecies Telepathic Communication. Point Reyes Station, Calif.: Pegasus Publications, 1989).

21 См.: Барденс, Д. Животные-экстрасенсы: исследования скрытых способностей животных (Bardens, D. Psychic Animals: An Investigation of The Secret Powers. London: Hale, 1987 r.)

22 Быт. 8:8-11.

23 Макфарланд, Д. Способность находить дорогу к дому (McFarland, D. Homing. In The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour, ed. by D. McFarland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).

24 Инглис, Б. Скрытая сила (Inglis, В. 1986. The Hidden Power.London: Jonathan Cape, 1986).

25 Burnford, S. The Incredible Journey. 1961.

26 Burnford, S. The Incredible Journey. 1961

27 Карти, Дж.Д. Навигационные способности животных (Carthy, J. D. Animal Navigation. London: Unwin, 1963); Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navi­gation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).

28 См.: Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).

29 См.: Карти, Дж.Д. Навигационные способности животных (Carthy, J. D. Animal Navigation. London: Unwin, 1963).

30 См.: Уитерби, Г.Ф. Справочник птиц Великобритании (

31 См.: Бейкер, P.P. Загадка миграции (Baker, R.R. The Mystery of Migration. London: Macdonald, 1980).

32 Бертольд, П. Пространственно-временные программы и гене­тика ориентирования (krthold, P. Spatiotemporal programmes and the genetics of orientation. In Orientation in Birds, ed. by P. Bert-hold. Basel: Birkhauser, 1991).

33 Китон, У.Т. Ориентация и навигация у птиц (Keeton, W.T. Orien­tation and navigation of birds. In Animal Migration, ed. by D.J. Aid-ley. Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

34 Эйбл, К.Т. Воздействие низкой облачности на ориентацию пе­релетных птиц в условиях ночного полета (Able, К.Т. The effects of overcast skies on the orientation of free-flying nocturnal migrants. In Avian Navigation, ed. by F. Papi and H.G. Wallraff. Berlin: Sprin­ger, 1982).

35 См.: Хаслер, А.Д. и др. Обонятельный импринтинг и инстинкт возвращения к месту рождения у лососевых рыб (Hasler, A.D.. А.Т. Scholz, and R.M. Horrall. Olfactory imprinting and homing in salmon. American Scientist, 1978, 66:347—355)

36 Гулд, Дж.Л. Почему птицы летят на юг, несмотря ни на что (Gould, J.L. Why birds (still) fly south. Nature, 1990, 347:331).

37 Шмидт-Кениг, К., Ганцхорн, Й.У. О проблеме навигации у птиц (Schmidt-Koenig, К., and J.U. Ganzhorn. On the problem of bird navigation. In Perspectives in Ethology, vol. 9, ed. by P.P.G. Bateson см and P. H. New York: Klopfer, 1991

38 Darwin, С. On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: Murray, 1859, chapter 1 (рус. пер.: Дарвин, Ч. Происхождение видов. Л.:Наука, 1991): Дарвин Ч. Изменения животных и растений при одомашнивании, глава 5 (Darwin, С The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. London: Murray, 1881, chapter 5).

39 Дарвин, Ч. Происхождение некоторых инстинктов (Darwin, С. Origin of certain instincts. Nature, 1873, 7: 417 — 418).

40 Мерфи, Дж.Дж. Инстинкт: механическая аналогия (Murphy, J.J. Instinct: A mechanical analogy. Nature, 1873, 7: 483).

41 Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1968).

42 Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).

43 Уолрафф, Г.Дж. Навигация у почтовых голубей (Wallraff, H.G. Navigation by homing pigeons. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 1990,2:81 — 115).

44 Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).

45 Китон, У.Т. Загадка способности голубей находить дорогу к дому (Keeton, W.T. The mystery of pigeon homing. Scientific American, 1974).

46 См., например: Уолрафф, Г.Дж. Навигация у почтовых голубей (Wallraff, H.G. Navigation by homing pigeons. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 1990,2:81 — 115).

47Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968, p. 86).

48 Там же

49 Осмен, Э.Г., Осмен, У.Г. Голуби в двух мировых войнах (Osman, А.Н., and W.H. Osman. Pigeons in Two World Wars. London: Racing Pigeon Publishing Co., 1976).

50 См.: Шмидт-Кениг, К., Шлихте, Г.Й. Чувство дома у голубей с ослабленным зрением (Schmidt-Koenig, К., and H.J. Schlichte. Homing in pigeons with impaired vision. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1972, 69:246 — 247).

51 См.: Шмидт-Кениг, К. Ориентирование и навигационные способности птиц (Schmidt-Koenig, К. Avian Orientation and Navigation. London: Academic Press, 1979).

52 Шмидт-Кениг, К., Шлихте, Г.Й. Чувство дома у голубей с ослабленным зрением (Schmidt-Koenig, К., and H.J. Schlichte. Homing in pigeons with impaired vision. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1972, 69:246—247).

53 Шмидт-Кениг, К. Ориентирование и навигационные способно­сти птиц (Schmidt-Koenig, К. Avian Orientation and Navigation. London: Academic Press, 1979).

54 Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).

55 Китон, У.Т. Загадка способности голубей находить дорогу к дому (Keeton, W.T. The mystery of pigeon homing. Scientific American, 1974); Липп, Г.П. Способность голубей находить дорогу к дому при ночном перелете (Lipp, H.P. Nocturnal homing in pigeons. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1983, 76A:743—749).

56 Шмидт-Кениг, К. Ориентирование и навигационные способно­сти птиц (Schmidt-Koenig, К. Avian Orientation and Navigation. London: Academic Press, 1979).

57 Подробнее о маршрутах полета птиц со сдвинутыми “внутрен­ними часами” см.: Папи, Ф. и др. Стратегии поиска дороги к дому у голубей (Papi, F., P. Ioale, P. Dall'Antonia, and S. Benvenuti. Homing strategies of pigeons investigated by clock shift and flight path reconstruction. Naturwissenschaften, 1991, 78:370—373).

58 2Китон, У.Т. Ориентация и навигация у птиц (Keeton, W.T.Orientation and navigation of birds. In Animal Migration, ed. By D.J. Aidley. Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

59 Кеманс, М., Фос, И. О чувствительности почтовых голубей к поляризованному свету (Coemans, M., and J. Vos. On the perception of polarized light by the homing pigeon. Doctoral thesis University of Utrecht, 1992).

60 Неправдоподобность этой гипотезы подтверждается среди прочего анализом данных, полученных в экспериментах с аэрозолями, способными распространяться на большие расстояния. Однако при определенных обстоятельствах погодные и атмосферные условия могут оказаться более благоприятными для ориентирования по запахам на очень близких расстояниях и в определенных, предпочтительных направлениях — например, при наличии прямой береговой линии и бризов с постоянной периодичностью. Такие условия возможны в Италии, где и были получены основные результаты, свидетельствующие в пользу гипотезы обонятельных навигационных способностей. См.: Вальдфогель, Й.А. Обонятельная навигация у почтовых голубей (Waldvogel, J.A. Olfactory navigation in homing pigeons: Are the current models atmospherically realistic? The Auk, 1987, 104369— 379).

61 См.: Шмидт-Кениг, К. Навигация у птиц: решает ли проблему ориентирование по запахам? (Schmidt-Koenig, К. Bird navigation Has olfactory orientation solved the problem? Quarterly Review of Biology, 1987,62:33 — 47).

62 Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews, G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).

63 Папи, Ф. Навигация у голубей: решенные проблемы и открытые вопросы (Papi, F. Pigeon navigation: Solved problems and open questions. Monitore Zoologia Italiana (NS), 1986,20:471 — 517): Папи, Ф. Обонятельная навигация (Papi, F. Olfactory navigation. In Orientation in Birds, edited by P. Berthold. Basel: Birkaser, 1991).

64 Папи, Ф. и др. Различаются ли механизмы поиска дороги к дому у американских и итальянских голубей? (Papi, F., W.T. Keeton, A.I. Brown, and S. Benvenuti. Do American and Italian pigeons rely on different homing mechanisms? Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1978, 128:303 — 317). Критические замечания по ра­ботам Папи см.: Гулд, Дж.Л. Ориентирование голубей по ланд­шафту (Gould, J.L. The map sense of pigeons. Nature, 1982, 296:205—211); Шмидт-Кениг, К. Ориентация и навигация у птиц (Schmidt-Koenig, К. Avian Orientation and Navigation. London: Academic Press, 1979).

65 Китон, У.Т. Ориентация и навигация у птиц (Keeton. W.T. Orientation and navigation of birds. In Animal Migration, ed. By D.J. Aidley. Society fcr Experimental Biology Seminar Series 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Гулд, Дж.Л. Ориентирование голубей по ландшафту (Gould, J. L. The map sense of pigeons. Nature, 1982, 296:205 — 211); Шмидт-Кениг, К. Ориентация и навигация у птиц (Schmidt-Koenig, К. Avian Orientation and Navigation. London: Academic Press, 1979).

66 См., например: Папи. Ф Обоняние и способность голубей на­ходить дорогу к дому: десять лет экспериментов (Papi, F. Olfaction and homing in pigeons: Ten years of experiments. In Avian Navigation, ed. by F. Papi and H. G. Wallraff. Berlin: Springer, 1982).

67 Шмидт-Кениг, К. Ориентирование и навигационные способ­ности у птиц (Schmidt-Koenig, К. Avian Orientation and Navi­gation. London: Academic Press, 1979); Вилтшко, В. и др. Ориен-тационные способности голубей, лишенных обоняния, по ре­зультатам экспериментов во Франкфурте-на-Майне (Германия) (Wiltschko, W., R. Wiltschko, and M. Jahnel. The orientation behaviour of anosmic pigeons in Frankfurt a. M., Germany. Animal Behaviour, 1987, 35:1328—1333). См. также: Вилтшко, В. и др. Способность голубей находить дорогу к дому (Wiltschko, W., R. Wiltschko, and С. Walcott. Pigeon homing: Different aspects of olfactory deprivation in different countries. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1987,21:333 — 342).

68 Кипенхойер и др. Связанная с домом и независимая от дома ориентация голубей при наличии и при отсутствии воздействия окружающей среды на обоняние (Kiepenheuer, J., M.F. Neumann, and H.G. Wallraff. Home-related and home-independent orientation of displaced pigeons with and without olfactory access to envi­ronmental air. Animal Behaviour, 1993, 45:169—182).

69 Уолкотт, Ч. О способности голубей ориентироваться по магнит­ному полю (Walcott, С. Magnetic maps in pigeons. In Orientation in Birds, ed. by P. Berthold. Basel: Birkhauser, 1991).

70 Мэтьюз, Дж.В.Т. Навигационные способности птиц (Matthews. G.V.T. Bird Navigation, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968

71 См., например: Вилтшко, В., Вилтшко, Р. Значение магнитного компаса в ориентации птиц (Wiltschko, W.. and R. Wiitschko. Die Bedeutung des Magnetikompasses


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