Situation ethics the new morality by Joseph Fletcher Ситуативная этика
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| Гарри Трумэн ничего не знал о бомбе до своей инаугурации, которая совершилась после смерти Президента Рузвельта. Когда министр Стимпсон доложил Президенту Трумэну о том, что «самое ужасное оружие, которое когда-либо существовало» скоро будет готово, последний назначил Временный комитет, с целью определить, каким образом и в каком месте оно могло бы быть применено. Комитет составляли исключительно выдающиеся и ответственные люди. Большинство военных советников, хотя и не все, одобряли его применение. Уинстон Черчилль был согласен с ними. Крупнейшие ученые говорили, что не находят приемлемой альтернативы его использованию, но им противостояли столь же крупные ученые.
Admiral Leahy opposed its use altogether. Arthur Compton and E. O. Lawrence, among the nuclear physicists, wanted a warning demonstration first. So did Admiral Strauss. Assistant Secretary of War McCloy and Under Secretary of the Navy Bard agreed that the Japanese ought at least to be told what they were now faced with. On the other hand, intelligence experts said the Japanese leaders were "blind to defeat" and would continue fighting indefinitely, with millions of lives lost, unless something like Little Boy shocked them into realism. Subsequently, however, the U.S. Bombing Survey declared that the Japanese "would have surrendered prior to November first in any case." Адмирал Леги был категорически против применения бомбы. Артур Комптон и Е. О. Лоуренс, физики-ядерщики, предлагали сначала совершить ее предупредительную демонстрацию. За это же решение был и адмирал Страус. Заместитель военного министра МакКлой и второй заместитель министра по морским делам Бард соглашались в том, что японцам следует по меньшей мере разъяснить, что им грозит. С другой стороны, эксперты из разведки говорили, что японские лидеры «слепо настроены идти до конца» и будут продолжать войну независимо от того, сколько миллионов жизней это будет стоить, до тех пор пока что-либо вроде «Малыша» не шокирует и не отрезвит их. Впоследствии, однако, Американская Экспертиза бомбардировок (U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey; в тексте: U.S. Bombing Survey) объявила, что «Япония капитулировала бы до ноября в любом случае» ("would have surrendered prior to November first in any case."). In June the Interim Committee reported to the President, recommending that (1) the bomb be used against Japan as soon as possible; (2) it should be used against a dual target of military installations and civilian concentration; (3) it should be used without prior warning of its coming or its nature. (One of the scientists changed his mind, dissenting from the third point.) В июне Временный комитет представил Президенту рапорт, в котором рекомендовалось следующее: (1) бомба должна быть использована против Японии как можно скорее; (2) она должна быть направлена против двойной цели – военных сооружений и сконцентрированного гражданского населения; (3) она должна быть использована без предупреждения ни о начале бомбардировки, ни о ее характере. (Один из ученых переменил свое мнение, выразив свое несогласие с третьим пунктом.) A final discussion of these three issues in the report was held in the White House, with President Truman present, questioning but as yet undeclared. Also present were the Secretary of War, vigorously defending the report as a whole; the Assistant Secretary mainly opposed; General Marshall was for it, Rear Admiral Strauss against it; Scientist Enrico Fermi was for it, Scientist Leo Szilard against it. This meeting and discussion was it—now was the "moment of truth", the moment of decision. Окончательное обсуждение этих трех положений рапорта состоялось в Белом Доме, в присутствии Президента Трумэна, пока только задающего вопросы. Также присутствовали военный министр, рьяно отстаивающий рапорт в целом; заместитель министра, в основном выступавший против; генерал Маршалл был «за», адмирал тыла Страус «против»; ученый Энрико Ферми был за применение оружия, ученый Лео Сциллард против. Так прошли собрание и дискуссия – теперь наступил «момент истины», момент решения. 3 F. Knebel and C. W. Bailey, "Hiroshima: The Decision that Changed the World", Look, June 7, 1960. Index
Aaron, 28 Abelard, 112 Abortion, 33, 37-39, 62, 122, 124, 133, 135 Absolutes, 24, 30, 88 Adams, James L., 34 Adultery, 20, 73, 79, 142, 164 Affluent Society, The, 162 Agape, 15, 33, 49, 69, 79, 82, 89, 95, 104 ff., 148 Aggiornamento, 35, 55 Agricola, Johannes, 22 Akiba, Rabbi, 70 Ames (Amesius), William, 19 Anderson, Robert, 13
Anglican Communion, 34, 36, 85 Anthropology, 44, 76 Antinomianism, 17-25, 38, 44, 122 Anselm, 47 Anshen, R. N., 50 Aquinas, Thomas, 48, 53, 66, 89, 111, 121, 150 Aristotle, 31, 35, 89, 96, 112, 145, 150 Arnold, Matthew, 35 Artificial insemination, 79, 126, 139 Atheism, 52 Augustine, 63, 78-79, 87, 111-112, 117, 153 Axioms, middle, 32
Bard, Ralph, 167 Barr, James, 105 Barth, Karl, 33, 62, 74, 149 Baxter, Richard, 19 Beach, Waldo, 104 Beauvoir, Simone de, 25 Bell, Daniel, 138 Benevolence, 63, 105 Bennett, John C, 32, 34, 64, 76, 146 Bendiam, Jeremy, 95 Berdyaev, Nicholas, 51, 143 Bernard of Clairvaux, 47, 112 Bible, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 45-46, 49, 52, 60, 64, 70, 71-74, 77-78, 85, 91, 107, 125, 134 Birth control, 34, 122, 126, 131,139
Black, Max, 48 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 28, 33, 38, 42, 58, 74-75, 80, 98, 149, 157-158 Bornkamm, Giinther, 74 Bretall, R. W., 61 Brightman, Edgar S., 58 Brothers Karamazov, The, 81 Bruckherger, Raymond, 141 Brunner, Emil, 27, 33, 45, 55, 58, 66, 70, 77, 93-94, 103, 131, 142, 148-149 Buchman, Frank, 24 Budd, Billy, 102 Bultmann, Rudolf, 12, 31, 33, 104 Burrows, Millar, 30 Butler, Joseph, 112 Caesar, 77 Cahn, Edmond, 32, 136 Calculation, 27, 64, 88 ff., 114 ff. Campbell, Mrs. Patrick, 140 Capital punishment, 75, 123, 131 Casuistry, 16, 19, 27, 29, 35, 52, 54, 65, 67, 84, 98, 147 Catholicism, 13, 18, 21, 34, 38, 50, 71, 147 Chastity, 20, 140 Cherbonnier, E. LaB., 28 Christ. See Jesus Christians, 20, 31, 33, 88 Chrysostom, 129 Churchill, Winston, 167 Cicero, 77 Clarke, Samuel, 28 Cobb, John B., 46 Coffee, T. P., 35 Coggan, F. D., 104 Cohen, Morris, 41 Commandment, the Great, 27, 38, 45, 55, 74, 77, 96, 110 ff., 125 Commandments, the Ten, 22, 31 ff., 146 Communists, 74, 115 Community (society), 50, 83, 89 ff. Compensationism, 35, 150 Compton, Arthur, 167 Confession, 18, 54, 55 Connell, Francis J., 132 Conscience, 21, 43, 52-56, 92, 137 Consequences, 37 Contextual, 14, 44-45 Cranfield, C. E. B., 104 Cruel Sea, The, 152 cummings, e. e., 11 Curran, C. E., 55
D'Arcy, Eric, 5 3 D'Axcy, Martin, 103, 111 Data, 29, 43, 81, 84, 143, 152 David, King, 15, 85, 133 Davidson, J. A., 83 Davis, Henry, 150 Davis, Sammy, 91 Dead Sea Scrolls, 139 Deans, Jean and Effie, 73 Decisions, 11, 17, 48, 52, 109, 134-145, 153, 168 Democracy, 84 Descartes, Rene, 57 Dewar, Lindsay, 75 Dewey, John, 40-43, 159 Didache, the, 116 Disobedience, 99 ff. Divorce, 83, 133 Dodd, C. H., 105 Dostoevski, Fyodor, 81 Doubt, 21, 48 Driberg, Tom, 24 Duff, Edward, 12, 96 Duty. See Obligation Easton, W. Burnett, 34, 140 Eavey, C. B., 78 Edwards, Jonathan, 112 Eichrodt, Walther, 72 Elert, Werner, 34 Eliot, T. S., 140, 157 Emotion. See Feeling Empirical, 41, 148 Ends, 120-133 Epistemology, 23 ff., 46-50, 52-55 Equity, 21, 99, 150
Ethics, 12, 34, 50, 54, 158; Christian, 36, 45, 54, 123; non-Christian, 31, 155; situation, 13-14, 17, 50, 69; theological, 14, 33 Eucharistic, 156 ff. Eudaemonism, 43 Euthanasia, 62, 74, 124 Evil. See Wrong Ewing, A. C, 28, 122 Existentialism, 22, 34, 66, 137 Expedience, 41, 125-126 Facts. See Data Faith, 15, 27, 40, 43, 47, 92 Fall, the, 81, 151 Farraher, J. J., 153 Feeling, 79, 103-119 Feigel, Herbert, 48 Fermi, Enrico, 168 Ferris, Theodore P., 122 Finn, Huckleberry, 53 Fitch, Robert E., 34 Fitting, the, 27 Fletcher, Joseph, 16, 34, 126 Fornication, 79, 139 Forrell, George, 154 Freedom, 22, 45, 51, 81-84, 102, 135, 137-138, 152 Friedman, Maurice B., 58 Friendship, 79, 104, 115 Fromm, Erich, 108 Fundamentalism, 28, 70,133 Galbraith, John K., 162 Gambling, 117, 124, 126 Game theory, 118 Gardiner, E. Clinton, 34, 163 Gilleman, Gerard, 147 Gleason, Robert W., 34, 78 Gnosticism, 22 Goethe, J. W. von, 52 Golden rule, the, 117 Good (right), the, 13, 27, 32-33, 50, 54, 59, 65, 133, 144 Good Samaritan laws, 82 Goodwill, 63, 105 Grace, 48, 52, 84, 152 Greeks, the, 42, 52, 68, 107 Green, T. H., 49 Griesbach, Eberhard, 35 Grose, T. H., 49 Gustafson, James M., 14, 32, 34, 147 Haring, Bernhard, 70, 147 Harvard University, 11, 16 Hatch, Leonard, 95 Hate, 63
Heart of Midlothian, 73 Hedonism, 42, 47, 96 Hefner, Hugh, 47 Hegel, G. W. F., 48 Heidegger, Martin, 53 Heinecken, Martin, 63 Hemingway, Ernest, 54 Herberg, Will, 51 Heschel, Abraham J., 19, 29 Heuss, John, 157 Hitler, Adolf, 33,98 Holofernes, 66 Holy Spirit, 24, 30, 51, 155 Homosexual, 20, 139 Hospers, John, 49 Howe, Reuel, 109 Humanism, 13, 38 Hume, David, 49 Humphreys, Christmas, 143 Hutchison, J. A., 155 Huxley, Thomas, 138 Hypocrisy, 106
Ideology, 24, 137 Idolatry, 25, 31, 72, 160
Indifference, 63, 82 Individualism, 50, 91, 160 International Christian University, 16 Intuition, 24, 53
James, William, 7, 40-43, 133 Japan, 15-16, 168 Jesus, 12, 23, 26, 46, 49, 58, 61, 69, 74, 85, 139, 140, 157 Jesus, Society of, 131 Jonathan, 15 Judaism, 17-19, 71-74, 91, 107 Judith, 66 Jurisprudence, 21, 99 Justice, 60, 87-102 Kairos, 33, 136 Kant, Immanuel, 28, 48, 51, 52, 64-66, 106, 115, 128, 130 Kasper, John, 144 Kaufman, Gordon, 34 Keenan, Alan, 3 8 Kegley, C. W., 61, 132 Kennedy, John F., 138 Kenyon College, 16 Kierkegaard, Soren, 104, 111 Killing, 37, 39, 55, 62, 66, 73-75, 123 King, Martin Luther, 138 Kirk, Kenneth E., 36, 73, 129,150 Knebel, Fletcher, 167 Knowledge. See Data Kraemer, Hendrik, 12 Kreuger, Ivar, 97
Lawrence, E. O., 167 Lawrence, T. E., 98 Lazareth, William, 151 Leahy, W. D., 167 Leclercq, Jacques, 35, 139 Legalism, 17-22, 65-66, 73, 99, 128 Lehmann, Paul, 14, 34, 155 Lenin, Nikolai, 121 Lesser evil, 65—67, 113 Lewis, C. S., 15, 155 Lewis, Sinclair, 98 Libertinism, 22 Life, 39, 55, 62 Love, 15, 22,45,49,62, 69, 78,87, 110 ff., 155 ff. Lowell, James R., 141 Lull, Raimon, 117 Luther, Martin, 22, 62, 64, 70, 88, 111-112, 135, 150, 153, 158 Lying, 26, 55, 65-67, 73, 123, 141
MacGregor, G. H. C, 122-123 Mclntyre, John, 157 Maclagan, W. G., 151 Major Barbara, 114 Malice, 63 Marcel, Gabriel, 24 Maria, Mother, 74-75 Maritain, Jacques, 51
Marriage, 17, 79, 104, 123, 140 Marshall, George, 168 Marshall, Thurgood, 161 Marxism, 14, 51 Masturbation, 139 Maurice, F. D., 12 Maxims. See Principles Mead, G. H., 42 Means, 120-133 Melville, Herman, 102 Metaphysics, 40, 66, 143-144 Michel, Ernst, 35 Micklem, Nathaniel, 89 Mill, John S., 47, 95, 115 Miller, Alexander, 27, 124 Miller, Henry, 17 Miller, R. C, 64 Miller, S. H., 55 Mishna, 18 Moloch, 118 Monotheism, 72 Monsarrat, Nicholas, 152 Moore, G. E., 7, 52, 60, 147 Moore, Kenneth, 78 Moral Re-Armament, 24 Moralism, 137, 161 ff. Morality, new, 11-13, 28, 34,77, 147, 153 Morris, C. W., 42 Mortimer, R. C, 101, 109 Moses, 28, 71, 75 Motive, 128, 156 Mowinckel, Sigmund, 72 Murder, 26, 33, 39, 73-75, 128, 130
Mutiny, 102 NAACP, 161 Nash, N. Richard, 13 Naturalism, 46, 76, 96 Neider, Charles, 53 Neighbor. See Love and Justice Neill, Stephen, 104 Never on Sunday, 126 Newman, J. H., 20 Niebuhr, Helmut R., 27, 34, 50,61, 104, 122, 151 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 45, 61-62,93, 103, 151 Nominalism, 57 Nygren, Anders, 93, 103 Oaths, 72-73 Obligation, 27, 60, 74, 82, 95, 100, 144, 157 Ockham, William of, 57 Oldham, J. H., 32 Ontology, 25, 53, 65-66, 145 Optimum, 61, 101, 118
Pallazini, Pietro, 30 Paul, 23, 30, 49, 60, 69, 75, 81, 109, 125, 151 Peirce, Charles S., 40-41 Perfectionism, 29, 108, 137, 151 Personalism, 14, 50-52, 98, 147 Petting, 139, 162 Pharisees, 18, 45, 70 Vhilia, 79, 89, 104 ff. Phillips, Dewi Z., 16 Pieper, Josef, 35 Pierce, C. A., 54 Piety, 91, 122, 160 Pike, James A., 52, 66, 101 Pilate, Pontius, 41-42 Pilpul, 19, 69, 123 Pius XII, 34, 50 Plato, 103, 112 Pneumatikoi, 23 Positivism, 46—50 Pragmatism, 40-43, 96, 121, 147 Predicates, 58, 60, 61, 93, 99, 123 Principles, 18, 21-22, 24, 26, 27, 32, 36, 55, 60, 63, 71, 162 Properties. See Predicates Prophetic, the, 29, 151, 160 Protestantism, 13, 18-19, 21, 34, 38, 147, 151 Prudence, 35, 82, 88, 90 Priimmer, Dominic, 150 Psychology, 76, 93, 104 Puritanism, 20, 21, 127
Rahner, Karl, 34, 35 Rainmaker, The, 13, 65 Ramsey, I. T., 16 Ramsey, Paul, 14, 34, 35, 90,94 Rand, Ayn, 78 Rapoport, Anatol, 118 Rashdall, Hastings, 156 Rationalizing, 85, 102 Rauschenbusch, Walter, 91 Reason, 21, 26, 31, 47, 53, 68, 71,88 Realism, 57 Redlich, E. B., 106 Relativism, 30, 31, 43-46, 62, 76, 129, 147 Responsibility, 33, 42, 126, 138, 152, 155 Revelation, 21, 22, 26, 58 Revolution, 101 Richardson, Alan, 104 Right. See Good Roberti, Francesco, 30 Robinson, John A. T., 11-12, 32, 153 Roosevelt, Theodore, 125-126 Ross, David, 115 Rougemont, Denis de, 93 Royce, Josiah, 126 Russell, Bertrand, 20, 48, 155 Ryan, John, 38 Sabbath, the, 69-73 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 25 Sawyer, Tom, 5 3 Schiller, F. C, S., 42 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 129 Schweitzer, Albert, 83, 162 Scott, R. F., 136 Scott, Walter, 73 Scotus, Duns, 57 Secrets, 65, 80, 132 Self-defense, 37, 38, 39 Self-love, 82, 93, 110 ff. Sentimentalism, 91 ff., 116 Sermon on the Mount, 76-77, 92, 108 Sex, 13-14, 17, 19, 22, 79-80, 104, 117, 124, 126, 139, 146, 163 Shaw, G. B., 114, 157, 161 Shires, H. M., 64 Sittler, Joseph, 34, 158 Situationism, 17, 19, 26—31, 33, 51, 136 Social gospel, the, 91, 151 Socrates, 107, 115, 120 Soe, Niels, 33, 131, 132 Sophia, 33 Sophocles, 31 State, the, 101 Stealing, 59, 124 Stein, Gertrude, 29 Steinbiichel, Theodore, 35 Sterilization, 62, 80, 139 Stevenson, Charles L., 58 Stevick, D. B., 83 Strauss, L. L., 168 Success, 42 Suicide, 66-67, 74, 97, 132 Sullivan, J. V., 130 Summary of the Law. See Commandment, the Great Summum honum, the, 31, 43 Supreme Court, 47, 76 Systems (nonsystems), 11, 18, 41, 43, 54, 94, 134, 150 Szilard, Leo, 168
Temple, William, 8, 27, 32, 52, 58, 59, 93-94, 126 Theology, 54, 141; moral, 19, 31, 35, 37, 49, 54, 123 Tillich, Paul, 8, 15, 33, 34, 46, 51, 84, 94, 142 Tolstoy, Leo, 91-92, 97, 116, 121 Torah, 18, 22, 45, 69 Toulmin, Stephen, 60, 156 Tragedy, 113 Truman, Harry S., 98, 167-168 Tufts, J. H., 42, 159 Twain, Mark, 20
Universals, 21, 27, 30, 66, 74, 121, 130, 142 Utilitarianism, 95 ff., 115
Vidler, A. R., 12 Virgins, 140 Virtues, 61, 77-78, 92, 141 Vocation, 62, 82, 123, 157-158 VoU, Urban, 153 Waddams, Herbert, 109 War, 37, 83, 102, 113, 123, 167 Wedge argument, the, 130 Weimer, Homer, 144 Wells, H. G., 85 Wesley, John, 22 West, Charles C, 34 White, Lynn, 44 Whitehead, A. N., 7, 148 Whores, 18, 22, 78, 88 Wife swapping, 80 Wilde, Oscar, 59, 118, 142 Will, 103-119
Word studies, 105 Wrong (evil), the, 18, 38, 65-66, 123 1 Six nonlectures (Harvard University Press, 1953). 2 C. B. Daly, "A Criminal Lawyer on the Sanctity of Life", Irish Theological Quarterly, Vol. XXV (1958), pp. 330-366; Vol. XXVI (1959), pp. 23-55, 231-272. 3 The Westminster Press, 1963. 4 Quoted in A. R. Vidler, Witness to the Light (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948), p. 13. 6 Rudolf Bultmann, Jesus and the Word, tr. by Louise Pettibone Smith and Erminie Huntress Lantero (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), p. 84. 7 Quoted in Edward Duff, S.J., The Social Thought of the World Council of Churches (Association Press, 1956), p. 103 n. 8 N. Richard Nash, The Rainmaker (Bantam Books, Inc., 1957), p. 99. (Ричард Нэш. Продавец дождя.) См. также See also Robert Anderson's Tea and Sympathy (The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., 1956), esp. Act III. 9 Cited by H. A. Williams, "Theology and Self-Awareness", in A. R. Vidler, ed., Soundings: Essays in Christian Understanding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), p. 82. 10 "Lehmarm's Contextual Ethics and the Problem of Truth-Telling", Theology Today, Vol. XXI (1965), p. 474. 12 See a penetrating paper by James A. Gustafson, "Context Versus Principle: A Misplaced Debate in Christian Ethics", Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 58 (1965), pp. 171-202. 13 Morality and Beyond (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1963), p. 39. 14 London: Geoffrey Bles, Ltd., Publishers, 1960. 15 Stand Still Like the Hummingbird (New Directions, 1962), pp. 92-96. («Замри как колибри») 16 The prophetic J tradition gave way to the E-D tradition, with its precepts and laws. 17 Abraham J. Heschel, The Prophets (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1962), pp. 225, 307-315. 18 There are, however, atypical works such as Richard Baxter, Christian Directory (1673), and William Ames (Amesius), De conscientia, eius jure et Casibus (1632). 19 Why I Am Not a Christian (Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957), p. 33. 20 J. H. Newman, Certain Difficulties Felt by Anglicans in Catholic Teaching (Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1918), p. 190. 21 See warnings in Eph. 6:12; I Tim. 4:1. 22 See note 22, Chapter II. 23 Cf. Gabriel Marcel, Fresh Hope for the World (Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1960); see also Tom Driberg, The Mystery of Moral Re-Armament (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1965). 24 Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism, tr. by B. Frechtman (Philosophical Library, Inc., 1947), p. 27. 25 (Philosophical Library, Inc., 1948), pp. 44, 122. 26 Being and Nothingness, tr. by Hazel Barnes (Philosophical Library, Inc., 1956), p. 625. 27 The Divine Imperative, tr. by Olive Wyon (The Westminster Press, 1947), pp. 132 ff. 28 Nature, Man and God (The Macmillan Company, 1934), p. 405. 29 The Renewal of Man (Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1955), p. 44. 30 (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1963), pp. 60-61. Precedents are Samuel Clarke, Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion (London, 1706), and A. C. Ewing, The Definition of the Good (The Macmillan Company, 1947). 31 Ethics, tr. by N. H. Smith (The Macmillan Company, 1955), p. 8. 32 E. LaB. Cherbonnier, unpublished address, Trinity College, December 14, 1964. 34 жүктеу/скачать 1.01 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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