Тяжелые металлы в окружающей среде
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Acknowledgement: The above material is based on the excellent reviews of: 1. Luo Z.B., Wu C., Zhang C., Li H., Lipka U., Polle A. (2014) Environmental and Experimental Botany, 108, 47-62. 2. Ovecka M., Takac T. (2014) Biotechnology Advances, 32, 73–86. 3. Rascio N., Navari-Izzo F. (2011) Plant Science, 180, 169-181. 4. Singh S., Parihar P., Singh R., Singh V.P., Prasad S.M. (2016) Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, art.1143. 5. Yanga X., Feng Y., He Z., Stoffella P.J. (2005) Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biol- ogy, 18, 339-353. 6. Materials and pictures are also used from Nature Outlook: Genome editing and Nature Methods Journal. Термин «тяжелые металлы» в науке о растениях относится к ряду металлов и металлоидов, которые могут быть токсичными даже при очень низких концентрациях. Большинство из них (то есть As, Cd, Hg, Pb или Se) не выполняют никакой известной физиологической функции в растениях. Другие (такие как Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni и Zn) включены в различные метаболи- ческие пути растений и, следовательно, необходимы для нормального роста и развития. Хотя их присутствие может потребоваться для растений, избыток этих элементов может легко привести к отравлению, поскольку их концентрация повышается выше оптимального. Эти высокие концентрации отрицательно влияют на организмы, и такое воздействие называют «фитотоксичность тяжелых металлов». Это приводит к серьезным изменениям в функциони- ровании корней и листьев, которые влияют на другие процессы развития, такие как цветение, эмбриогенез и образование семян. 70 71 Considerable attention has been given to the possibility of using hyperaccumulators for phy- toremediation/phytomining of contaminated or natural metal-rich soils. Knowledge acquired on genes involved in hyperaccumulation mechanisms will open the opportunity to use biotechnology to transfer specific genes to high-biomass promising species. There is also a need to find and charac- terize more hyperaccumulators, to cultivate them and better assess agronomic practices and man- agement to enhance plant growth and metal uptake by selective breeding and gene manipulation. The newer and emerging biotechnological solutions discussed here open plethora of oppor- tunities to study both effects of specific gene alleles and the outcomes of their modified expression. This becomes possible through the ability of these approaches to tackle either internal to the gene, or other (near or distant) sequences in a variety of manners. The possibility to modify single (or low numbers of) nucleotides, to shuffle their positions in the genome and/or to either block or enhance their specific activity is something geneticists and breeders were craving for a very long time. It is only in the last 5 to 10 years that all this has become possible and widely available. The outcomes of that are poised to be profound and will greatly affect both our understanding and utilization of mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance to a good for humanity. In this respect it has to be pointed out that the interest is rising in the potential exploiting of hyperaccumulators as a rich genetic resource to develop engineered plants with enhanced nutritional value for improving public health or for con- tending with widespread mineral deficiencies in human vegetarian diets. The strategies of food crop biofortification are still in infancy; however their paramount importance for the world‘s population makes this an exciting line of future research in the field of essential elements hyperaccumulation. жүктеу/скачать 6.49 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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