Тяжелые металлы в окружающей среде
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- 2. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
| 1. INTRODUCTION
Environment is being one of the most important issue all over the world due to the industri- alization, global warming, increasing population and human made effects on environment. Addi- tionally, lacks of sustainable environment management systems prevent right decision making stage to predict and protect environmental risks. Protecting the environment is only being possible with multi-disciplinary projects considering social, economical and environmental parameters within ef- fective information systems by all stakeholders (Sari, Tusat, 2015). Effective environment management requires interoperability concept between institutes and organizations. Thus, access to spatial data is a vital object both in planning and applying stage of environmental projects. Considering the multi-disciplinary structure of environmental monitoring and management, it is strongly required to access up-to-date, standardized and accurate spatial data. Access and analyses of spatial data is one of the most important object in decision making stage for environment management and this concept is being mentioned widely within information systems. Due to the large amount of data and analysis outputs, environment management and monitoring systems require intelligent and functional systems. 2. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) Nowadays, demand to the access and use of spatial data is increasing information system technologies development. Analysing spatial data with decision support systems and sharing results with other users is being an important issue in multi-disciplinary projects. In this concept, Geo- graphical Information Systems (GIS) is being an efficient solution centre in the field of analysing, visualizing, sharing and storing spatial data (Maguire 1992; Burrough, McDonnell, 1998; Yassemi et al., 2008). This important role makes GIS as an integration platform thanks to the developments in software capabilities (Kulawiak et al., 2010). During the past 30 years there have been many de- velopments in spatial data analysis, spatial data storage and retrieval, and mapping. Many of these developments have occurred in the field of Geographical Information Science. Geographical Infor- mation Systems (GIS) software now supports many elementary and advanced spatial analytic ap- proaches including the production of high quality map (Yomralioglu, 2000). A geographical information system is defined as "an information system that includes, in an integrated manner, the hardware, software and procedural components aimed at the collection, stor- 72 73 age, processing, analysis and presentation of graphic and non-graphic information belonging to ob- jects that have a certain position and form" (DPT 2001). Many variables and related criteria are in- volved in the analysis. Geographic information systems (GIS) are best suited for handling spatial data, with due consideration for the spatial variability for an efficient time and cost-effective eval- uation (Ahamed et al., 2000). Suitable areas for crops are determined by evaluation of the climate, soil and topographical characteristics; therefore, GIS has been applied to the evaluation of crop suitability in recent years (Gao, 2000). GIS is a part of Information Technology (IT) that bases on geographic coordinates, collects spatial and non-spatial data, and stores, processes, analyses and presents this data as a whole in tables and maps (Kursun et al., 2000). The area of use of GIS in ag- riculture can be listed as follows (Senol, 2008); determination of product patterns, determination of cultivated areas according to the cultivated plant, yield prediction, creation of land information sys- tems, precision agriculture, plant diseases and pests, nutritional deficiencies, and soil mapping. To develop a GIS based system for agricultural management, a set of questions are proposed by Fountas (2004). The questions were formulated based on Management Information Systems (MIS) and Information Systems (IS) theories (Capron, Perron, 1993). A well-structured MIS has to cover a set of questions, called ―the five W‘s and an H, (Mittra, 1986; Koory, Medley, 1987). These are; • What information is needed? • When is the information needed? • Who needs it? • Where is it needed? • Why is it needed? • How much does it cost? The answers to these questions are defining the structure of the system. The system func- tions, requirements, techniques and other related structures can be defined considering the answers. жүктеу/скачать 6.49 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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