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Для правильной оценки данных по половым различиям — или по любым другим групповым различиям — нам надо иметь сведения о статистическом значении различий, степени совпадения между группами, а также о сопоставимости выборок. В групповых сравнениях особенная осторожность необходима в использовании рейтингов, коэффициента интеллекта либо дру-•гих глобальных оценок, могущих оказаться неправильными.

Как культурные, так и биологические факторы вносят свой вклад в развитие половых различий в способностях и личностных чертах. Влияние биологических факторов может быть сравнительно прямым, как, например, при воздействии мужских половых гормонов на агрессивность поведения. Оно может также быть косвенным, как в социальных и образовательных эффектах акселерации развития девочек. Вклад культуры отражается в широких вариациях половых ролей, обнаруженных в разных культурах в разные периоды нашей собственной истории. В недавнем исследовании внимание было обращено на половые роли в нашей культуре — их приобретение в детстве, воздействие на поведенческое развитие и связь с личностной адаптацией.

В исключительно описательном смысле некоторые половые различия в способностях и личностных чертах прочно установлены в существующих культурных условиях. Мужчины отличаются скорбстью и координацией крупных движений тела, пространственной ориентацией и другими пространственными способностями, техническим пониманием и арифметическим мышлением. Женщины склонны к превосходству в мануальной ловкости, скорости и точности восприятия, памяти, числовом вычислении, беглости речи и других задачах, включающих механизмы языка. Обнаружено много половых различий в интересах и установках во время исследований разнообразными методами детей и взрослых. Все эти расхождения отражают традиционные половые роли нашей культуры. Особый интерес представляют половые различия в социальной ориентации и в мотивации достижения. Другие важные личностные различия описываются в сексуальном поведении, эмоциональной адаптации и агрессивности. Имеющиеся тесты маскулиннности-феминин-ности дают показатель степени сходства личности индивидуума
652 Дифференциальная психология
с личностью, характерной для женщины или мужчины в нашей культуре.

В школьных достижениях последовательно выделяются девочки. В типичной учебной ситуации они, видимо, во многом удачливее мальчиков. С другой стороны, в более поздней профессиональной деятельности мужчины по количеству и степени достигают намного большего. Оба этих явно противоречивых результата могут служить отражением комплексного взаимодействия половых различий в способностях и личности, половых ролях и других культурных условиях.

Из всего сказанного явствует, что мы не можем говорить о неполноценности и превосходстве, но лишь о специфических различиях в способностях или личности между полами. Эти расхождения в значительной степени являются результатом культурных и других эмпирических факторов, хотя некоторые физические половые различия, безусловно, влияют на поведенческое развитие непосредственно или посредством социальных эффектов. Наконец, совпадение во всех психологических характеристиках позволяет рассматривать мужчин и женщин именно в качестве индивидуумов, а не с точки зрения групповых стереотипов. Эти три указания окажутся полезными, если соблюдать их как «правила» с целью понимания других групповых различий, рассматривающихся в следующих главах.

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