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himself” he had in mind those qualities of speech which are inherent and which reveal; a 
man’s breeding, education, social standing and etc. The subject of stylistics can be 
outlined as the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on the 
one hand and on the other, the study of each style of language; i.e. its aim, its 
structure, its characteristic features and the effect it produces, as well as its 
interrelation with other styles of language. So our lectures are devoted to a 
description of the styles, which have already manifested themselves as more or less 
independent systems. 
The Development of the English Literary Language. 
The E.L. language has had a long History. Throughout the stages of its development 
there has been a struggle for progressive tendencies. The E. language is the dialects of the 
Angles, Saxons and Jutes who occupied the British Isles in the 3 and 5
th
centuries. The 
first manuscripts of the language belong to the 8-century and it is so unlike present day 
English that Englishmen don’t understand it. This language is called Anglo-Saxon or Old 
English. Old English, is a dead language like Latin or classic Greek. This period lasted 
until the end of the 12
th
century. 
During the next period, known as the Middle English period, the English language 
rapidly progressed towards its present state; greatly enlarged its vocabulary by borrowings 
from Norman French and other languages. Norman French had been official since the 
Norman Conquest in 1066 and it was almost completely ousted by English in the middle 
of the 13
th
century. In 1362 Parliament was first opened in English and few years later 
court proceedings were ordered to be carried on in English and not in French. 
In the 15 century the New English period began. The influence of the various 
dialects was still strongly felt, but the London dialect was gradually winning, general 
recognition. The London dialect had been accepted as the standard, at least in writing. 
Caxton, the first English printer, used the Current speech of London in his translations and 
books he printed. But it was very slow and hardly perceptible. 
In the 16 century literary English began markedly to flourish in all forms: drama, 
poetry and prose. The rapid development of printing went parallel with the general grow 
of culture, to which was contributed by the two universities. Oxford and Cambridge. 
The Protestant Reformation played a great role in the development of the English 
Literary language. Books on religion translated or composed in strong, simple, living 
English with few “learned” words and it was understandable to the masses of ordinary 
people. Even the Bible was translated in the same manner and by order of Queen Elizabeth 
I the Bible was placed in every church. But Latin words either directly or through the 
French language poured into the English literary language because English had never had 
or had last the words required giving expression to scientific ideas. Great changes were in 
phonetic, no writer knew exactly how to spell borrowed words – in the Latin, the French 
or the Norman-French way. Even dictionaries, which began in the middle of the 17
th
century, didn’t fix English spelling. 
The seventeenth-century Literary English is characterized by a general tendency to 
refinement and regulation. It can be seen in subjected to considerable changes. Early in the 

6 
17
th
century English dictionaries began to appear as practical guides to the use of new 
words, terms belonging, to science and art. In the 19-18 centuries scholars tried to fix, the 
language for all time, to establish its laws once and for all. Byron, Thackeray and Dickens 
contributed greatly to the enrichment of the literary language. In 19
th
century Literary 
English to be noted is a more or less firmly established differentiation of styles, but this 
process was not fully appreciated by the scholars of the period. By this period the shaping 
of the newspaper style, the publicistic style, the style of scientific prose and the official 
style may be said to have been completed and language scholars faced with the new 
problems. It became necessary to seek the foundation and distinctive characteristic of each 
individual style and analyse them. 
The shaping of the belles-lettres prose style called forth a new system of expressive 
means and stylistic devices. There appeared a stylistic device – represented speech – 
which quickly developed into one of the most popular means by which the thought and 
feeling of a character in a novel can be shown, the speech of the character combining with 
the exposition of the author to give a fuller picture. The favourite stylistic devices of the 
prose style of the 18
th
century, rhetorical questions, climax, anaphora, antithesis and some 
others gave way to more lively stylistic devices as breaking off the norms of lively 
colloquial speech. Stylistic devices regarded with suspicion and disapproval in the 18
th
century were beginning to gain popularity. 
The realistic tendencies and trends in English literature during this period made it 
necessary to introduce non-literary forms of English when depicting characters from the 
so-called lower classes through the idiosyncrasies of their speech. In this connection 
another feature must be mentioned when characterizing the ways and means by which 
literary English of the 19
th
century progressed. This was a more liberal admission of 
dialectal words and words from the Scottish dialect in particular. To a considerable extent 
this must be attributed to Robert Burns, whose poems were widely read and admired and 
who, as is known, wrote in the Scottish (Scots) dialect. The novels of Walter Scott also 
aided the process. 
In summing up the main features of the struggle to establish norms for 19
th
century 
literary English, special mention must be made of the two tendencies characteristic of this 
period. One was reactionary purism, the principles characteristic of which were laid down 
in the 17
th
and 18
th
centuries and which became manifest in the struggle against any 
innovation no matter where it came from. The purist was equally against words borrowed 
from other languages, the coinage of new words and also semantic changes in the native 
stock of words. This reactionary purism orientated the literary language towards a revival 
of old words which had gone out of use and of constructions typical of earlier stages in the 
history of English. 
The other tendency was to draw on the inexhaustible resources of the vernacular 
both in vocabulary and in the lively syntactical patterns of colloquial English so suggestive 
of the warm intonation of the human voice. This tendency was particularly observable in 
the belles-lettres style, and Byron, Thackeray and Dickens contributed greatly to the 
enrichment of the literary language. 
The end of the century led practically to no change in the general direction of the 
two tendencies. But there is undoubted evidence that the second of the two above-
mentioned tendencies has taken the upper hand. Reactionary purism is dying down and 

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giving way to strong modernizing tendencies, which flourish particularly in the newspaper 
style and belles-letters style. The recognition in the 20
th
century of the everyday speech of 
the people as a variety of the national language has done much to legalize the colloquial 
form of English which until the present century had been barred from the domain of 
language studies. 
Wee must point out that the functional styles of language have shaped themselves 
within the literary form of the English language. The division of the standard English 
language into two varieties, written and spoken (the literary language and the colloquial 
language), which was recognized earlier and which was acknowledged as a natural 
coexistence, now goes alongside the problem of the “closed” system of styles of language. 
Language of communication has two varieties of language; the spoken and the 
written. The spoken is primary and the written is secondary. Each of these varieties has 
developed its own features and qualities which in many ways may be regarded as opposed 
to each other. The spoken language is maintained in to form of a dialogue – the written in 
the form of a monologue. The spoken language has a considerable advantage over the 
written, in that the human voice comes into play. There is a difference between the spoken 
and written language is however in the vocabulary used. There are words and phrases 
typically colloquial on the one hand and typically bookish on the other. 
f.ex. to be gone on some body = to, be violently in love with 
I take it = I understand 
to hob-nob with = to be very familiar with 
How come? – Why? How does that happen? 
In Spoken language we use the direct word order in questions or omit the auxiliary 
verb 
“Screoge knew Marley was dead?”
Unfinished sentences are also typical of the spoken language “if you behave like 
that I’ll …” 
Spoken language is more’ emotional. 
“Isn’t she cute!” 
“Don’t you tell me that” 
“A witch she is” 
In written language we use complicated sentence units. 
The bookish v-ry, one of the notable properties of the written language may, on the 
contrary, go beyond the grasping powers of even the most intelligent reader and may very 
frequently need interpretation. 

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