Остром В. Смысл американского федерализма. Что такое самоуправляющееся общество. — М.: Арена, 1993. — С. 75. 2. Lemko J

1994.-P. 90.

18. Elazar D. Exploring Federalism, P. 167.

19. Ibid.-P. 173.

20. См.: Watts R. Characteristics of Canada Federalism and Their Implications for European Integration // Federal-Type Solutions and European Integration. — Laham, Maryland: University Press of America,

1995.-P. 228.

21. См.: Lijphart A. Non-Majoritarian Democracy: a Comparison of Federal and Consociational Theories // Publius: The Journal of Federalism. — 1985. -vol. 15, №2.-P. 4-5.

22. Абдулатипов Р. Г., Болтенкова Л. Ф. Опыты федерализма. — С. 20.

23. См.: Остром В. Смысл американского федерализма. Что такое самоуправляющее общество. — С. 283.

24. См.: Wheare К. Federal Government, — N.-Y.: Oxford University Press, 1963.

25. Александренко Г. В. Буржуазный федерализм (критический ана­лиз буржуазных федераций и буржуазных теорий федерализма). — С. 42.

26. Elazar D. Exploring Federalism, P. 156—157.

27. См.: King P. Federation and Representation // Comparative Federalism and Future Directions. — Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, P. 96.

28. Elazar D. Introduction — Using Federalism Today // International Political Science Review, 1996. — Vol. 17 — № 4. — P. 349.

29. Fleiner Th., Basta L. Federalism, Federal States and Decentralization // Federalism and Multiethnic States. The Case of Switzerland. - Fribourg, 1996.-P.I.

30. См.: Zinimerman J. F. Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Power. — L.: Leicester University Press, 1992. — P. 7.

31. Fleiner Th., Basta L. Federalism, Federal States and Decentralization, P35.

32. Ibid. - P. 17.

33. Ibid.-P. 28.

34. См.: Абдулатипов Р. Г., Болтенкова Л. Ф. Опыты федерализма. — С. 194-195.

35. Федерация в зарубежных странах. — С. 6.

36. См.: Fleiner Th., Basta L. Federalism, Federal States and Decentralization, P. 36-37.

37. См. об этом также: Федерация в зарубежных странах. — С. 6—7; Hagopian M.N. Regimes, Movements and Ideologies: Comparative Introduction to Political Science. — N.-Y., 1978. — P. 30.

38. Об этом см. также: Dorf R. H. Federalism in Eastern Europe: Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem ? // Publius: Journal of Federalism. — 1994.-Vol. 24, №2.-P. 101, 113; Elazar D. Exploring Federalism. — P. 68.

39. См.: Elazar D. Exploring Federalism. — P. 42.

40. См.: Peeters P. Federalism: a Comparative Perspective - Belgium Transforms from a Unitary to a Federal State // Evaluating Federal System. -Dordrecht: Martins Nijhoff Publishers, 1994. — P. 194-195.

41. См.: Watts R. Foreword // Evaluating Federal Systems. — P. X—XI.

42. См.: Beam D., Conlan T. and Walker D. Federalism: the Challenge of Conflicting Theories and Contemporary Practice // Political Science: The State of Discipline. - Wash., 1984. - P. 248.

43. См.: Zimmerman J. Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Power. — P. 8.

44. Ibid.-P. 70.

45. См.: Laslovich M. The American Tradition: Federalism in the United States // Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions. — Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. — P. 188.

46. Lyons W., Scheb J., Richardson L. American Government: Politics and Political Culture, — Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Publishing Company,1995.-P. 90.

47. См.: Laslovich M. The American Tradition: Federalism in the United States. - P. 192.

48. Zimmerman J. Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Power. —P. 122.

49. Ibid. - P. 8.

50. См.: Laslovich M. The American Tradition: Federalism in the United States.— P. 189.

51. Lyons W., Scheb J., Richardson L. American Government: Politics and Political Culture. — P. 80.

52. См.: Elazar D. American Federalism: a View from the States. - New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1984.

53. В отечественной литературе термин “cooperative federalism” час­то переводится как “кооперативный федерализм” (см.: Невинский В.В. Правовое положение субъектов буржуазных федераций. На примере федеральных земель ФРГ. — Красноярск: Изд-во Красноярского ун­та, 1986. — С. 33; Чиркин В.Е. Современный федерализм: сравнительный анализ. — М.: ИНИОН, 1995. — С. 11), что придавало названию концеп­ции менее точный оттенок.

54. См.: Walker D. The Rebirth of Federalism: Slouching toward Washing­ton. — Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1995. — P. 92.

55. См.: Walker D. Toward a Functioning Federalism. — Cambridge, MA: Winthrop, 1981.-P. 66.

56. См.: Zimmerman J. F. Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Power. — L.: Leicester University Press, 1992. — P. 9.

57. Redish M. The Constitution as Political Structure. — N.-Y.: Oxford University Press, 1995. — P. 27.

58. Klatt H. Centralizing Trends in the Federal Republic: the Record of

the Kohl Chancellorship // German Federalism Today. — N.-Y.: St.Martin's Press, 1991, p. 125.

59. Thaysen U. The Bundesrat, the Lander and German Federalism. — Washington, D. C.: The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, 1994. - P. 23.

60. См.:Watts R. Executive Federalism: a Comparative Analysis. - Kingston, Ontario, 1989.— P. 16.

61. См.: Klatt H. Centralizing Trends in the Federal Republic: the Record of Kohl Chancellorship.— P.126.

62. Thaysen U. The Bundesrat, the Lander and German Federalism. — P. 24.

63. Walker D. The Rebirth of Federalism: Slouching toward Washington, P. 26.

64. См.: Watts R. Executive Federalism: a Comparative Analysis. — P. 3.

65. См.: Watts R. Canada: Three Decades of Periodic Federal Crises // International Political Science Review. — 1996. — Vol. 17. — № 4. — P. 354.

66. Курс международного права, Т. 2. — М.: Наука, 1967. — С. 33.

67. Kincaid J. Constituent Diplomacy in Federal Polities and Nation State: Conflict and Cooperation // Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units. - L: Clarendon Press, 1990. - P. 55.

68. Elazar D. Federal-Type Solutions and European Integration // Federal-Type Solutions and European Integration. - Laham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1995. - P. 449.

69. Elazar D. Exploring Federalism. — P. 225.

70. Sanford L. Between Either / Or and More or Less: Sovereignty versus Autonomy under Federalism // Publius: The Journal of Federalism. - 1994. -Vol. 25. - № 1. - P. 64.

71. Nation against State: a New Approach to Ethnic Conflict and the Dec­line of Sovereignty. — N.-Y.: Council on Foreign Relation Press, 1993. — P. 1.

72. Federal-Type Solutions and European Integration. — P. 5.

73. См.: Mosler H. Transfer of Sovereign Powers and Constitutional Law // Federalism-in-the Making: Contemporary Canadian and German Constitutionalism, National and Transnational. — Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992, p. 87.

74. См.: Spruyt H. The Sovereign State and its Competitors: Analysis of Systems Change. — Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1994. — P. 189.

75. См.: Александренко Г.В. Буржуазный федерализм (Критический анализ буржуазных федераций и буржуазных теорий федерализма) — С. 298; Невинский В.В. Правовое положение субъектов буржуазных фе­дераций. — С. 18.

76. Friedrich С. Trends of Federalism in Theory and Practice. — L.: Pall Mall, 1978. - P. 8.

77. Wiltshire K. Planning and Federalism: Australian and Canadian

Experience. — P. 76.

78. Fleiner Th., Basta L. Federalism, Federal States and Decentralization.

79. Ibid.. - P. 28.

80. См.: Михайлов Р. Ведущие российские политические организации о проблеме асимметричности Российской Федерации // Асиммет­ричность Федерации. — М., 1997. — С. 38.

81. См.: Современный буржуазный федерализм. — М.: Наука, 1978. — С. 89, 124.

82. См. там же. — С. 164—165. См. также: Федерация в зарубежных странах. — С. 12.

83. См.: Александренко Г.В. Буржуазный федерализм (критический анализ буржуазных федераций и буржуазных теорий федерализма). — С. 340.

84. King P. Federalism and Federation. — P. 135.

85. Маунц Т. Государственное право Германии (ФРГ и ГДР). — М.: Иностранная литература, 1959. — С. 12.

86. См.: Elazar D. Exploring Federalism - PP. 36, 41, 108-109, 231.

87. Whitaker R.A Sovereign Idea: Essays on Canada as a Democratic Community. - Montreal: McGill - Queen's University, 1992. — P. 167.

88. Lyons W., Scheb J., Richardson R. American Government: Politics and Political Culture. — P. 67.

89. Ottosen G. Making American government Work: a Proposal to Reinvigorate Federalism. — Lanhem, Maryland: University Press of America, 1992. - P. 6.

90. Wiltshire K. Planning and Federalism: Australian and Canadian Experience. — P. 87.

91. Fleiner Th. Switzerland: Constitution of the Federal State and the Cantons // Federalism and Multiethnie States: The Case of Switzerland. — Fribourg, 1996. - P. 76.

92. Whitaker R.A Sovereign Idea: Essays on Canada as a Democratic Community. —P. 167

93. Американские федералисты: Гамильтон, Мэдисон, Джей. Избранные статьи. Benson, Vermont: 1992. — С. 192.

94. См.: Федерация в зарубежных странах. — С. 13—14.

95. См.: Redish М. The Constitution as Political Structure. — P. 38—39.

96. См.: Zimmerman J. Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Power. — P. 88.

97. См.: Gress F. Interstate Co-operation in the USA and FRG // Evaluating Federal Systems. — P. 412.

98. Redish М. Н. The Constitution as Political Structure. - N.-Y.: Oxford University Press, 1995. — P. 25.

99. Taylor Ch. Reconciling the Solicitudes. — Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993. — P. 150.

100. Tarlton Ch. Symmetry and Asymmetry as Elements of Federalism: a

Theoretical Speculation // Journal of Politics. — 1965. — Vol. 27. № 4. — P. 868.

101. Бухвальд Е. От псевдосимметрии к асимметричной Федерации: экономические аспекты российской модели федерализма // Асиммет­ричность Федерации. - М, 1997. — С. 128.

102. Smiley D. Language Policies in the Canadian Political Community // Etre Contemporain. - Sillery: Les Press de Universite du Quebec, 1992. — P. 284.

103. См.: Иванов В.Н. Российский федерализм: что дальше? // Социологические исследования, 1998. — № 1. — С. 82,86; Михайлов Р. Ведущие российские политические организации о проблеме асимметричности Российской Федерации // Асимметричность Федерации. — С. 37, 60.

104. Мецдрас М. Асимметрия или многообразие // Асимметричность Федерации. — С. 8.

105. Frenkel М. Federal Theory, 1986. - P. 148 (para 570).

106. Boase J. Faces of Asymmetry: German and Canadian Federalism. — P. 91.

107. Ibid. - P. 97

108. См.: Fry E. North American Federalism, NAFTA, and Foreign Economic Relations // Evaluating Federal Systems. — P. 397.

109. См.: Peterson P.E. The Price of Federalism. - Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995. — P. 91

110. См.: Абдулатипов Р.Г., Болтенкова Л. Ф. Опыты федерализма. — С. 230.

111. Mullins A., Saunders С. “Different Strokes for Different Folks ?”: Some Thoughts on Symmetry and Difference in Federal Systems // Evaluating Federal Systems. - Dordrecht: Marlines Nijhoff Publishers, 1994. - P. 55.

112. Taylor Ch. Reconciling the Solicitudes: Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism. — P. 180.

113. См.: Muffins A., Saunders C. “Differnebt Strokes for Different Folks?”: Some Thoughts on Symmetry and Difference in Federal System. Evaluating Federal Sistems. — P. 47.

114. См.: Gunlicks A. German Federalism after Unification: the Legal/ Constitutional Response // Publius: The Journal of Federalism. — 1994. — Vol. 24. — № 2. — P. 83—84; Domestic Politics of German Unification. — Boulder (Col.): Lynne Rienner Publishers. - 1993. — P. 138.

115. См.: Boase J. Faces of Asymmetry: German and Canadian Federalism. -P. 104-105.

116. См.: Peeters P. Federalism: a Comparative Perspective — Belgium Transforms from a Unitary to a Federal State. — P. 204.

117. Данные официальной переписи населения 1989 г. По данным, приведенным Президентом РТ в августе 1997 г., татары составляют ныне большинство населения республики — 52%.

118.См.: Современный буржуазный федерализм. — С. 221, 222, 223.

119. См.: Schmitt N. The Foreign Policy of Spanish Autonomous Communities Compared to that of Swiss Cantons // Evaluating Federal Systems.- P. 365.

120.См.: Peeters P. Federalism: a Comparative Perspective — Belgium Transforms from a Unitary to a Federal State // Evaluating Federal Systems

- P. 199-200.

121. См.: Mikesell J. Vertical Fiscal Balance and Horizontal Fiscal Diversity in the U.S. Federal System: What Might Common Shared Taxes Do ? // The American Review of ^public Administration. — 1994. — Vol. 24. —№ 4. — P. 342.

122. Agranoff R. Asymmetrical and Symmetrical Federalism in Spain: An Examination of Intergovernmental Policy // Evaluating Federal Systems. — P. 84.

123. Mullins A., Saunders C. "Different Strokes for Different Folks?". Some Thoughts on Symmetry and Difference in Federal Systems // Evaluating Federal Systems. — P. 46.

124. Boase J. P. Faces of Asymmetry: German and Canadian Federalism

-P. 103.

125. Rebick F. The Charlottetown Accord: A Faulty Framework and Wrong-headed Compromise // The Charlottetown Accord, the Referendum, and the Future of Canada. — Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. — P. 104.

126. Gagnon A. Manufacturing Antagonisms: The Move towards Uniform Federalism in Canada // Evaluating Federal Systems. — P. 135.

127. См.: Milne D. Whither Canadian Federalism? Alternative Constitutional Futures // Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions.- Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. - P. 208-210.

128. См.: Lemko J. Political Stability in Federal Governments. — P. 87.

129. См.: Waffich Ch. Russia’s Dilemma //Russia and Challenge of Fiscal Federalism. — Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, 1994. — P. 14.

130. См.: Бухвальд Е. От псевдосимметрии к асимметричной Федера­ции: экономические аспекты российской модели федерализма. — С. 132.

131. См.: Лексин В. Н., Швецов А. Н. Государство и регионы. Теория и практика государственного регулирования территориального разви­тия. — М.: УРСС, 1997 - С. 34-35

132. Elazar D. Exploring Federalism. - P. 243.

133. Meisel J. Multinationatism and the Federal Idea: Symposium // Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets and Governments in a Changing World. - Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995. - P. 343.

134. Beer S. Introduction // New Federalism: Intergovernmental Reform from Nixon to Reagan. — Washington, 1988.

135. Nice D. Federalism: The Politics of Intergovernmental Relations. -N.-Y.: St. Martin’s Press, 1987. - P. 27.

137. Cairns A. Constitutional Government and the Two Faces of Ethnicity: Federalism is not Enough // Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets and Government in a Changing World. — Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995. — P. 34.

138. Linder W. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. — N.-Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1994. — P. 72.

139. Wildhaber L. Switzerland // Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units. — P. 72.

140. Basta L. Minority and legitimacy of a Federal State: An Outsider Perception of the Swiss Model //Federalism and Multiethnic States. — P. 43.

141. Fleiner Th. Switzerland: Constitution of the Federal State and the Cantons. — P. 75.

142. binder W. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solution to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. — P. 155.

143. См.: Taylor Ch. Reconciling the Solicitudes : Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism. — P. 92.

144. См.: Simeon R, , Swinton K. Introduction: Rethinking Federalism in the Changing World // Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets and Governments in a Changing World. — P. 6.

145. См. об этом: Lyons W., Scheb J., Richardson L. American Government: Politics and Political Culture. — P. 92.

146. Thaysen U. The Bundesrat, the Lander and German Federalism. — P. 8.

147. Ibid..-P. 31.

148. См.: Cairns A. Constitutional Government and the Two Faces of Ethnicity: Federalism is not Enough. — P. 34.

149. Иванов В.Н. Российский федерализм: что дальше?// Социологи­ческие исследования. — С. 86.

150. См.: Riker W.H. Federalism: Origin, Operation and Significance. -Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1964. — P. 12—13.

151. См.: Duchacek I. Comparative Federalism: The Territorial Dimension of Politics. — Lanham: University Press of America, 1987. — P. 199—201.

152. См.: Boase J.P. Faces of Asymmetry: German and Canadian Federalism. — P. 91.

153. Elazar D. Exploring Federalism. — P. 64.

154. См.: Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets, and Governments in a Changing World —P. 9.

155. Абдулатипов Р.Г., Болтенкова Л.Ф. Опыты федерализма. — С. 236.

156. См.: Elazar D. Exploring Federalism. — P. 226.

157. См.: Stevenson G. Unfilled Union: Canadian Federalism and National Unity, 3 ed. - Toronto, 1989. - P. 16.

158. Linder W. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societie. — P 16.

159. См.: Захаров А., Кудрявцев В. Проблемы языковой политики в России и “асимметричная федерация” //Асимметричность Федерации. -М.: 1997.-С. 77-97.

160. Fleiner Th. Switzerland: Constitution of the Federal State and the Cantons. — P. 93.

161. Gagnon A. The Political Uses of Federalism // Comparative

Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions — Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. — P. 18—19.

162. Burgess M., Gagnon A. Conclusion: Competing Traditions and Future Directions // Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions. — P. 246.

163. См.: Лысенко В. Разделение власти и опыт Российской Федерации // Асимметричность Федерации. — М., 1997. — С. 13.

164. См.: там же. — С. 14.

165. См.: Siepan A. Toward a New Comparative Analysis of Democracy and Federalism: Demos Constraining and Demos Enabling Federations. -Paper presented at XVII World Congress of the IPSA. Seoul, August IT-22, 1997.

166. German Federalism Today. — N.-Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1991. -

P. VII-VIII.

167. Varat J.D. Economic Integration and Interregional Migration in the United States of America // Comparative Constitutional Federalism: Europe and America. - Westport: Greenwood Press, 1990. — P. 23.

168. Rydon J. The Australian Tradition of Federalism and Federation // Comparative Federalism and Federation. Competing Traditions and Future Directions. — P. 240.

169. Zimmerman J. Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Power. — P. 7.

170. Lyons W., Scheb J., Richardson L. American Government. Politics and political Culture. — P. 83.

171. Howard D. Protecting Human Rights in a Federal System // Comparative Constitutional Federalism: Europe and America. — P. 128.

172. Ibid., P. 129-130.

173. Российская газета. — 1997. — 25 и 30 сент.

174. Stanovcic V. Searching for New Designs: Alternatives to Federalism (the Yugoslavian Experience). - Paper presented at XVII World Congress of the International Political Science Association. Seoul, August 17—21, 1997.-P. 2.

175. Stepan A. Toward a New Comparative Analysis of Democracy and Federalism. — P. 5. 176.Ibid.-P. 29

177. Linder W. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solution to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. — P. 160.

178. См.: Gunlicks A. German Federalism after Unification: the Legal/ Constitutional Response // Publius: Journal of Federalism. — 1994. — Vol. 24, № 2. — P. 83—84; Domestic Politics of German Unification. — Boulder (Col.): Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. — P. 138.

179. См.: Stepan A. Toward a New Comparative Analysis of Democracy and Federalism: Demos Constraining and Demos Enabling Federation. — P. 31,32, 33.

180. Fleiner Th. Federalism and Multi-ethnicity. — Paper presented at XVII World Congress of the IPSA, Seoul, August 17-21, 1997. - P. 5.

181. King P. Federalism and Federation. — London: Croom Helm, 1982.-P. 88.

182. См.: Minow M. Putting Up and Putting Down: Tolerance Recon­sidered // Comparative Constitutional Federalism: Europe and America. — P. 66.

183. Hueglin Th.O. New Wine in Old Bottles? Federalism and Nation States in the Twenty-First Century: A Conceptual Overview //Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets, and Governments in a Changing World. — P. 203.

184. См.: Выборы в Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан, 5 марта—28 апреля. Документы, материалы, результаты. Казань, 1995.-С. 299.

185. Американские федералисты: Гамильтон, Мэдисон, Джей. Избранные статьи. — С. 124.

186. См.: Коммерсант Дейли. — 1998. — 28 марта.

187. Казанское время. — 1997. — 14—20 марта.

188. См.: Известия. — 1997. — 4 ноября.

189. Республика Татарстан. — 1997. — 5 июня.

190. Кьеза Дж. Всенародно избранный // Свободная мысль.— 1997. — №5.-С. 33-34.

191. Linder W. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. — P. 44.

192. Ibid. - P. 160.

193. Galston W., Tibbets G. Reinventing Federalism: The Clinton/ Gore Program for a New Partnership Among the Federal, State and Local and Tribal Governments // Publius: The Journal of Federalism. — 1994. — Vol. 24, №3.

194. Gagnon A. The Political Uses of Federalism //Comparative Federalism and Federation. Competing Traditions and Future Directions. — P. 34, 37. См. также: Lyons W., Scheb J., Richardson L. American Government. Politics and Political Culture. — P. 90—91; Zimmerman J. Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Powe. — P. 6.

195. Fleiner Th. Switzerland: Constitution of the Federal State and the Cantons. — P. 85.

196. Lemco J. Political Stability in Federal Governments. — P. 1.

197. См. об этом: Lyons W., Scheb J., Richardson L. American Government. Politics and Political Culture. — P 91—92; Rydon J. The Australian Tradition of Federalism and Federation // Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions. — P. 240—241.

198. См.: Brown-John L. Rediscovering Federal Roots // Federal-Type Solutions and European Integration. — P. 15.