Название темы 1: GRAMMAR IN THE SYSTEMIC CONCEPTION OF
LANGUAGE
Вопросы: The definition of language. The distinction between language and speech. Language as a semiotic system: its functions, elements and structure. Lingual elements (units) as signs. Segmental and supra-segmental lingual units. The levels оf lingual units, their structural and functional features. Hierarchical relations between units of different levels. The word and the sentence as the main level-forming units. The text level as the sphere of functional manifestation of all the lingual units. The three constituent parts (subsystems) of the language: phonetic (phonological), lexical and grammatical systems. The systemic character of grammar. Morphology and syntax - the two main sections of grammar. Grammar as a branch of linguistics. Theoretical and practical grammar. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between lingual units; syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in grammar. The plane of content and the plane of expression; synonymy and homonymy in grammar. The notions of diachrony and synchrony; diachronic and synchronic relations in grammar.
Практическое задание
Найдите соответствия следующих терминов на русском языке; дайте определения каждого из них:
language, speech, sign, lingual unit, system, subsystem, systemic approach, segmental lingual units, supra-segmental lingual units, hierarchy, hierarchical (hierarchic) relations, phoneme, morpheme, word (lexeme), word-combination (phraseme), denoteme, sentence (proposeme), supra-sentential construction (supra-phrasal unity, dicteme), nomination, predication, corteme, signeme, plane of content, plane of expression, synonymous relations (synonymy), homonymous relations (homonymy), paradigm, paradigmatic relations, syntagma, syntagmatic relations, synchrony, synchronic relations, diachrony, diachronic relations
Название темы 2: MORPHEMIC STRUCTURE OF THE WORD
Цель занятий: Углубление лингвистического и общенаучного кругозора, дальнейшее расширение иноязычной коммуникативной компетенций студентов.
Вопросы:
The definition of the morpheme. The word and the morpheme, their correlation in the level structure of the language. Intermediary phenomena between the word and the morpheme. Traditional classification of morphemes: positional and functional (semantic) criteria. Roots and affixes. Lexical (derivational, word-building) and grammatical (functional, word-changing) affixes. The IC-analysis of the morphemic structure. Grammatical relevance of derivational affixes; lexical (word-building) paradigms. The peculiarities of grammatical suffixes (inflexions) in English. Outer and inner inflexion. The “allo-emic” theory in morphology: morphs, allomorphs and morphemes. Distributional analysis in morphology; contrastive, non-contrastive, and complementary types of distribution. Distributional classification of morphemes: full and empty (zero morphemes), free and bound, overt and covert, segmental and supra-segmental, additive and replacive, continuous and discontinuous morphemes. The assessment of distributional morpheme types.
Практическое задание
1. Найдите соответствия следующих терминов на русском языке; дайте определения каждого из них:
significative (meaning), intermediary phenomenon (phenomena), root, affix, lexical (derivational, word-building) affix, grammatical (functional, word-changing) affix, stem, outer inflexion, inner inflexion, suppletivity, the IC analysis, allo-emic theory, morph, allomorph, distribution (complementive, contrastive, non-constrastive), distributional analysis, full and empty morphemes, free and bound morphemes, overt and covert morphemes, segmental and suprа-segmental morphemes, additive and replacive morphemes, continuous and discontinuous morphemes
2. Слово antidisestablishmentarianism считается самым длинным нетерминологическим словом в английском языке. Определите каждую из его морфем и опишите их значения. Возможно ли определить значение этого слова, исходя из значения морфем? Проверьте значение данного слова по словарю.
б) Проанализируйте морфологическую структуру следующих слов, используя схему линейного анализа и «древа непосредственных составляющих»; используйте разные виды схем. Охарактеризуйте каждую из морфем: reproductiveness, irregularities, unexpectedly, babysitter’s
4. Разделите следующее предложение на минимальные смысловые сегменты (морфы). Какие из них можно определить как слова, и какие как морфемы? Выделите единицы промежуточного статуса между словом и морфемой:
I have been thinking about Jane’s decision for a long time.
5. Помимо аффиксов, описанных выше – префиксов, суффиксов и др., в разных языках выделяют еще несколько типов аффиксальных морфем: интерфиксы, циркумфиксы, трансфиксы, амбификсы и др. Что это за морфемы и выделяются ли они в английском языке?
6. Прокомментируйте грамматическую релевантность лексических морфем с помощью следующих примеров.
а) Следующие слова абсолютно бессмысленны; они не существуют в английском языке. Попробуйте определить, к какой части речи они предположительно относятся. Обоснуйте свою точку зрения:
opture, cleply, procful, unsepted, wisder, excruate
б) Приведите примеры словообразовательных парадигм: например: soft - softness - softly - to soften to endure - endurance - endurable - endurably
7. а) Выделите в следующих словах морфему ‘-(e)s’. Разбейте слова на группы в соответствии со значением, которое передает эта морфема:
takes, pants, statistics, Brussels, linguistics, books, speaks, Alps, lots, vitals, fists, odds, corps, tidings, news, proceeds, human’s, ashes, stays, spectacles, civics, stops, official’s
б) Приведите другие примеры для иллюстрации лексической и грамматической суффиксальной омонимии (-er, -en, -ed, -ing).
8. а) Сравните алломорфы 1) лексической морфемы и 2) грамматической морфемы в следующих перечнях; дополните приведенные перечни собственными примерами:
1) grateful, gratitude, gratuity, gratulatory;
2) figured, grated, discussed
б) Разбейте следующее предложение на морфы и приведите возможные алломорфы для разных морфем, поместив их в окружения дополнительной дистрибуции:
These farmers took part in an international exhibition.
в) Проанализируйте дистрибуцию неопределенного артикля – a/an. Являются ли эти два элемента свободными вариантами, или их вариативность обусловлена окружением?
г) Чтобы продемонстрировать понимание «алло-эмической» теории, дайте примеры аллофонов разных фонем и аллолекс разных лексем.
9. а) Разделите следующие слова на морфемы; определите «дистрибутивный тип» каждой из морфем:
1) полные и пустые морфемы - lawyer, rejoinder;
2) свободные и связанные морфемы - chronic, playing;
3) открытые и скрытые морфемы – girl - girls;
4) сегментные и сверхсегментные морфемы - to export - export;
5) аддитивные и субституционные морфемы – girl - girls, man - men;
6) непрерывные и разрывные морфемы – played - have played
б) В американской дескриптивной лингвистике служебные слова определяются как «свободные грамматические морфемы». Согласны ли вы с таким определением?
What is Language?
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a multifaceted, complex phenomenon which can be studied and described from various points of view
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a structured set of elements united by a common function.
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formed by sentences in a text or in actual speech.
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subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs, functional parts of speech
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formed by the units of the lower level
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A system is……
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interconnected and interdependent lingual signs
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a structured set of elements united by a common function
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means of expression
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used in linguistics by different authors to denote the two basic aspects of language
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the smallest material segments of the language
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Language in general comprises two aspects:
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language proper, speech proper
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paradigmatic and syntagmatic
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psychological, phenomenon
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historic changes, semiotic system
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segmental, supra-segmental
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The units of language are of two types:
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phonemes and morphemes
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form and meaning
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language proper and speech proper
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segmental and supra-segmental
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paradigmatic and syntagmatic
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The first scholar who defined lingual units as specific signs - bilateral units…
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N. Chomsky
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Ferdinand de Saussure
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A. A. Potebnya
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Beaudoin de Courtenay
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Leonard Bloomfield
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Two fundamental types of relations between lingual units:
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segmental and supra-segmental
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form and meaning
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language proper and speech proper
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phonemes and morphemes
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paradigmatic and syntagmatic
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Language system is subdivided into three basic subsystems, each of which is a system in its own turn.
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practical, grammatical and theoretical
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phonetical, lexical and grammatical
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morphological, phonetical and syntactical
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lexical, morphological and systematical
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lexical, grammatical and theoretical
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The phonetical system of language is…
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studied by lexicology
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studied by a separate branch of linguistics called phonology
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described by grammar as a branch of linguistics
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subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs, functional parts of speech
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subdivided into simple and composite
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What is morpheme ?
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Morpheme is primarily concerned with grammatical, word-changing
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Morpheme is a set of intermediary units
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Morpheme is different part of speech
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Morpheme is the smallest meaningful lingual unit
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Morpheme is specified with the help of various supra-segmental lingual units
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| What is an allomorph ? | | is obligatory for any word | is the elementary meaningful lingual unit |
is a set of intermediary units
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is studied as the formal marks of the words
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“Zero morpheme” is…..
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Overt
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Covert
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Bound
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Free
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Full
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Paradigmatically correlated grammatical forms are called..
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Meaning
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Inflection
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Categorial
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Binary
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Marker
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Category is …
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a logical notion denoting the reflection of the most general properties of phenomena
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a system of expressing a generalized categorial meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms
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used instead of the plural, the strong member
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used with the meaning of the weak one
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a system uniting the grammatical forms
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Oppositions are analyzed linguistically with the help of a special method known as…
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oppositional analysis
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common features
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privative
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semantic differences
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grammatical category
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What does mean the term “binary” ?
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a unity of a generalized grammatical meaning and the forms of its expression.
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logical notion denoting the reflection of the most general properties of phenomena
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that the opposition consists of two members, or forms
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that time there was no distinction between language as a system and speech
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that the members of the opposition are characterized by the presence
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The term ______ means that the members of the opposition are characterized by the presence/absence of a certain differential feature, which serves as the formal mark of one of its members
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Privative
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Binary
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Strong
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Negative
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Positive
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Opposition members are characterized by two types of features:
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common and differential
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strong and positive
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weak and negative
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synthetical and analytical
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oppositional reduction and oppositional substitution
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Synthetical (synthetic) grammatical forms are…
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involved in the expression of common grammatical meanings
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built by means of the morphemic composition of the word
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reduced in some contextual circumstances
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built by the combination of the notional word with auxiliary words
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treated as a grammatical mechanism of figurativeness
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Analytical grammatical forms are …
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built by means of the morphemic composition of the word.
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involved in the expression of common grammatical meanings
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reduced in some contextual circumstances
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built by the combination of the notional word with auxiliary words
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treated as a grammatical mechanism of figurativeness
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What is Neutralization ?
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reduced in some contextual circumstances
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one member of the opposition preserves to a certain extent its original functional meaning alongside the meaning of its counterpart
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built by means of the morphemic composition of the word.
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involved in the expression of common grammatical meanings
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grammatical form, which is used, loses its own functional meaning and acquires the meaning
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What is Transposition ?
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grammatical form, which is used, loses its own functional meaning and acquires the meaning
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one member of the opposition preserves to a certain extent its original functional meaning alongside the meaning of its counterpart
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built by means of the morphemic composition of the word.
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involved in the expression of common grammatical meanings
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reduced in some contextual circumstances
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Agreement between the words in an utterance is…
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Reflective
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Transgressive
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Transposition
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Neutralization
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Negative
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Three types of grammatically relevant properties of words that differentiate classes of words called “parts of speech”:
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functional, paradigmatic and syntagmatic
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notional , functional and semantic
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homogeneous, monodifferential and functional
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semantic, formal and functional
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open, closed and syntagmatic
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Henry Sweet divided all the words in English into…
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Formal and functional
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Declinable and indeclinable
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Closed and syntagmatic
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Paradigmatic and syntagmatic
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Monodifferential and functional
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What principles were developed by the representatives of American Descriptive Linguistics, L. Bloomfield, Z. Harris and Ch. Fries?
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syntactico-distributional
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separate number
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consistently syntactic
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specific set of word-building affixes
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strictly scientific approach
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The categorial meaning of the noun is ..
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part of speech
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bound
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substance
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words
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suffixes
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On the basis of “form of existence” of the referents…
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proper nouns are opposed to common nouns
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animate nouns are opposed to inanimate nouns
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human animate nouns are opposed to non-human
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countable nouns are opposed to uncountable nouns
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all answers are correct
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On the basis of “quantitative structure” of the referent…
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proper nouns are opposed to common nouns
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animate nouns are opposed to inanimate nouns
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human animate nouns are opposed to non-human
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countable nouns are opposed to uncountable nouns
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all answers are correct
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