Почему капитализм торжествует на Западе и терпит поражение во всем остальном мире
Глава 1 1 Wood G. S. Inventing American Capitalism // New York Review of Books, 1994, June 9. P.49. Глава 2
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1 Wood G. S. Inventing American Capitalism // New York Review of Books, 1994, June 9. P.49. Глава 2 1 PisaniD.J. Water, Land, and Law in the West: The Limits of Public Policy, 1850-1920. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. P.51. 2 См. комментарии архитектора Альберта Мангонезе // Conjonction, 1973, February-March, № 119. P.I 1. 3 Rolfes L.J.Jr. The Struggle for Private Land Rights in Russia // Economic Reform Today, 1996, № 1. P. 12. Глава 3 1 Smith A. The Wealth of Nations. London: Everyman's Library, 1977, former vol.1. P.242. [СмитА.Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов // Антология экономической классики. В. Петти, А. Смит, Д. Рикардо. М.: «Эконов»-«Ключ», 1993. С.307.] 2 Ibidem. P.295. { Смит А. Там же. С.357.] 3 Simonde S. de. Nouveaux principes d'economic politique. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1827. P.81-82. 4 SayJ. B. Traite d'economie politique. Paris: Deterville, 1819, vol.2. P.429. 5 Marx K., Engek F. Collected Works. New York: International Publishers, 1996, vol.35. P.82. [Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Сочинения. Изд.2. Т.23. C.81.] 6 Smith A. Op. cit. P.242. [Смит А. Указ. соч. С.320.] 7 Ibidem. P.286. [ Там же. С.348.] 8 Dreyfus H. L., RabinowP. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Herme-neutics. Chicago: Harvester, University of Chicago, 1982. P.211. 9 Miller G. A., Johnson-Laird Ph. N. Language and Perception. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976. P.578. 10 Heinsohn G., SteigerO. The Property Theory of Interest and Money. [ Неопубликованная рукопись, 2-я редакция, 1998, October. P.22.] 11 Ibidem. P.43. 12 Ibidem. P.38. 13 Bethell T. The Noblest Triumph. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. P.9 14 BraudelF. The Wheels of Commerce. New York: Harper and Row, 1982. P.248. Глава 4 1 Survey the Internet // Economist, 1995, July 1. P. 4-5. 2 BlountJ. Latin Trade // News Finance, 1997, January 20. 3 Emerson Т., Laris M. Migration // Newsweek, 1995, December 4. 4 Boldrick H. Reaching Turkey's Spontaneous Settlements // World Bank Policy, 1996, April-June. 5 Solving the Squatter Problem // Business World, 1995, May 10. 6 Newsweek, 1998, March 23. 7 Economist, 1998, June 6. 8 El-Batran M., El-KholeiA. Gender and Rehousing in Egypt. Cairo: Royal Netherlands Embassy, 1996. P.24. 9 Barthelemy G. L'extension des lotissements sauvages a usage populaire en milieu urbain ou Paysans, Villes et Bidonvilles en Haiti: Aperfus et reflexions, June 1996. Port-au-Prince, offprint, June 1996. 10 BlountJ. Op. cit. 11 Rolfes L.J.,Jr. The Struggle for Private Land Rights in Russia// Economic Reform Today, 1996, № 1. 12 Official journal of the National Geographic Society (Millennium in Maps), 1998, October, № 4. 13 Stewart. D. AIPE. 1997, December. 14 MoffettM. The Amazon Jungle Had an Eager Buyer, but Was It for Sale? // Wall Street Journal, 1997, January 30. 15 Fass S. Political Economy in Haiti: The Drama of Survival. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1988. P.xxiv —xxv. 16 SolimanA. M. Legitimizing Informal Housing: Accommodating Low-Income Groups in Alexandria, Egypt // Environment and Urbanization, 1996, April, vol.8, Ml.P.190-191. 17 Reuters. Financial Review, 1992, May 11. P.45. 18 ZaremboM. Newsweek, 1997, July 7. 19 Economist, 1994, March 5. 20 Economist, 1995, May 6. 21 Terrenos de Gamarra valen tres veces mas que en el centro de Lima // El Comercio, 1995, April 25. 22 VriesJ. de. Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976; ColemanD. С Revisions in Mercantilism. London: Methuen, 1969; ClaphamJ. H. The Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963; HeckscherE.Mercantilism / Ed. Soderland E. F. London: George Allen & Un-win, 1934. 23 Reid]. Respuestas al primer cuestionario del ILD. Lima: Meca, 1985. 24 ColemanD. С The Economy of England, 1450-1750. London: Oxford University Press, 1977. P.18-19. 25 Ibidem. P.58-59. 26 HeckscherE. Op. cit. Vol.1. P.323. 27 Ibidem. P.241. 28 EkelundR. В., Jr., TollisonR Mercantilism as a Rent-Seeking Society. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1981, Chapter 1. 2(1 HeckscherE. Op. cit. P.239-244. 30 Coleman D. С The Economy of England... P. 74. 31 HeckscherE. Op. cit. P.244. 32 ClaphamJ. H. Economic Development of France and Germany... P.323-325. 33 Ответы Джоузефа Рейда на второй вопросник Института свободы и демократии. Машинопись, библиотека ILD, 1985; HeckscherE. Op. cit. Р.247, 251. 34 Wilson С. Mercantilism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963. P.27. 35 ColemanD. С The Economy of England... P.105. Глава 5 1 Philbrick F. S. Changing Conceptions of Property Law // University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1938, May, vol.86. P.691. 2 Bailyn B. The Peopling of British. North America: An Introduction. New York: 1986. P.5. 3 HofferP. Ch. Law and People in Colonial America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. P.l-2. 4 Ibidem. P.xii. 5 KonigD. T. Community Custom and the Common Law: Social Change and the Development of Land Law in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts // Land Law and Real Property in American History: Major Historical Interpretations / Ed. Hall K. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987. P.339. 6 Ibidem. P.319-320. 7 Ibidem. P.320. 8 Ibidem. P.323. 9 Ibidem. P.324. 10 Ibidem. P.349. 11 HofferP. Ch. Op. cit. P.15. 12 Ford A. C. Colonial Precedents of Our National Land System as It Existed in 1800. Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1910. P.112-113. 13 Ibidem. P.I 14. 14 KonigD. T. Op. cit. P.325. 15 Ibidem. P.325. 16 Sokolski A. M. Land Tenure and Land Taxation in America. New York: Schalk-enbach Foundation, 1957. P.191. 17 Ibidem. P.191. 18 Tatter H. W. The Preferential Treatment of the Actual Settler in the Primary Disposition of the Vacant Lands in the United States to 1841. Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1933. P.23. 19 Ibidem. P.23. 20 Ford A. C. Op. cit. P.103. 21 Ibidem. P.103. 22 Ibidem. P.89-90. 23 Ibidem. P.126. 24 Ibidem. P.126. 25 Ibidem. P.128. 26 Ibidem. P.129. 27 Ibidem. P. 130. 28 Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P.40-41. 29 Цит. по: Lebergott S. O'Pioneers': Land Speculation and the Growth of the Midwest // Essays on the Economy of the Old Northwest / Ed. Klingman D. C, Vedder R. K. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987. P.39. 30 Ford А. С Op. cit. P. 119. 31 Sokolski A.M. Op. cit. P.I 92. 32 Ibidem. P. 193. 33 Ibidem. P.193. 34 Цит. по: PisaniD.J. Water, Land, and Law in the West: The Limits of Policy, 1850-1920. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. P.51. 35 Sokolski A. M. Op. cit. P.193-194. 36 Lebergott S. Op. cit. P.39-40. 37 Ibidem. P.39-40. 38 Ibidem. P.40. 39 Act XXXIII, March 1642. The Statutes at Large, Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia from the First Session of the Legislature / Ed. HenningW. New York: 1823. P. 134. 4(1 Messick R. E. A History of Preemption Laws in the United States. Draft prepared for ILD. P.7. 41 Ford A. C. Op. cit. P. 124. 42 Ibidem. P. 124. 43 Ibidem. P. 132. 44 Ibidem. P.134. 45 An Act for Adjusting and Settling the Titles of Claimers to Unpatented Land Under the Present and Former Government, Previous to the Establishment of the Commonwealth's Land Office // The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia / Ed. Hening W. Richmond: 1822. P.40. 4b Allen D. W. Homesteading and Property Rights; or, How the West Was Really Won //Journal of Law and Economics 34, 1991, April. P.6. 47 American History: A Survey. 7th Ed. / Eds. Current R. et al., New York: Knopf, 1987. P.149. 48 Anderson T. L. The First Privatization Movement // Essays on the Economy of the Old Northwest / Ed. Klingman D. С and Vedder R. K. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987. P.65. 49 American Histoiy... P.150. 50 Robbins R. M. Preemption: A Frontier Triumph // Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1931, December, vol.18. P.333-334. 51 Ibidem. P.333-334. 52 FordA. С Op. cit. P.I 17. 53 UbergottS. Op. cit. P.40. 54 Ibidem. P.40. 55 Messick R. E. Op. cit. P.9. 9-125
56 Цит. по: TatterH. W. Op. cit. P.91-92. 57 MessickR. E. Op. cit. RIO. 58 Act of May 18, 1796 // Public and General Statutes Passed by the Congress of the United States of America: 1789 to 1827 Inclusive / Ed. Story J. Boston: 1828. 59 Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P. 118. 60 Цит. по: Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P. 125. 61 Limerick P. N. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. New York: Norton, 1987. P.59. 62 Ibidem. P.59. 63 Ibidem. P. 140. 64 Lebergott S. Op. cit. P.44. 65 Ibidem. P.44. 66 Ibidem. P.44. 67 Messick R. E. Rights to Land and American Economic Development. Обзор составлен для Института свободы и демократии. Р.44. 68 White R It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own. A New History of the American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. P.146. 69 Ibidem. P.146. 70 Schwartz S. From West to East. New York: Free Press, 1998. P. 105-110. 71 Цит. по: Lebergott S. Op. cit. P.40. 72 Цит. по: Anderson T. L. Op. cit. P.63. 73 Gates P. W. Landlords and Tenants on the Prairie Frontier. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973. P.13. 74 Ibidem. P.16. 75 Цит. по: Gates P. W. Op. cit. P.16. 76 Цит. по: Gates P. W. Ibidem. P.24. 77 Friedman L. M. A History of American Law. 2nd ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. P.241-242. 78 Цит. по: Friedman L. M. Op. cit. P.242. 79 Ibidem. P.242. 80 White G. E. The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading Judges. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. P.48. 81 Цит. по: Ford A. C. Op. cit. P. 129. 82 Gates P. W. Op. cit. P.27. 83 Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheaton 1. 1823. 84 Ibidem. P.33. 85 Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheaton 1. 1823. P.66. 86 Gates P. W. Op. cit. P.37. 87 American History... P.149. 88 Ibidem. P.31. 89 Ibidem. P.31. 90 Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P.265. 91 Gates P. W. Op. cit. P.33. 92 Bodley v. Gaither. 19 Kentucky Reports 57, 58. 1825. 93 M'Kinney v. Carrol. 21 Kentucky Reports 96, 97. 1827. 94 White G. E. It's Your Misfortune... P.139. 95 Gates P. W. Op. cit. P.46 96 PisaniD.J. Op. cit. P.63. 97 Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P. 154. 98 Gates P. W. Op. cit. P.44. 99 Gates P. W. California's Embattled Settlers // The California Historical Society Quarterly, 1962, June, vol.41. P.115. 10(1 Messick R. E. Op. cit. P.17. 101 Ibidem. P.17. 102 Ibidem. P.19. 103 Act of May 29, 1830 // Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America. Boston: 1846, vol.4. 1(14 Act of September 4, 1841 // Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America. Boston: Little and Brown, 1856, vol.5. 105 Messick R. E. Op. cit. P.26. 106 PisaniD.J. Op. cit. P.69. 107 BogueA. G. The Iowa Claims Clubs: Symbol and Substance // The Public Lands: Studies in the History of the Public Domain / Ed. Carstensen Ver-non. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965. P.47. 108 PisaniD.J. Op. cit. P.53. 109 Ibidem. P.63. 110 BogueA. G. The Iowa Claim Clubs. P.51. 111 Ibidem. P.50. 112 Ibidem. P.52. 113 Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P.276. 114 BogueA. G. Op. cit. P.54. 115 White R It ' s Your Misfortune... P. 141. 116 Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P.280. 117 Anderson T, HillP.J. An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild West //Journal of Libertarian Studies, 1979, 3. P.15. 118 Ibidem. P.15. 119 BogueA. G. Op. cit. P.50. 120 Ibidem. P.51. 121 Ibidem. P.54. 122 White G. E. It's Your Misfortune... P. 141. 123 BogueA. G. Op. cit. P.55. 124 Tatter H. W. Op. cit. P.273. 125 Ibidem. P.287. 126 LacyJ. Q. Historical Overview of the Mining Law: The Miner's Law Becomes Law // The Mining Law of 1872. Washington, D.C.: National Legal Center for the Public Interest, 1984. P.17. 127 Swenson R. W. Sources and Evolution of American Mining Law // The American Law of Mining / Ed. Bender Matthew. New York: Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, 1960. P.19. 128 Gates P. W. California's Embattled Settlers... P.100. 129 KrentH. Spontaneous Popular Sovereignty in the United States. Draft prepared for the Institute of Liberty and Democracy. P.2. 130 PisaniD.J. Op. cit. P.52. 131 Limerick P. N. Op. cit. P.65; also see White G. E. It's Your Misfortune... P.147. 132 PisaniD.J. Op. cit. P.69. 133 Ibidem. P.69. 134 Gates P. W. California's Embattled Settlers... P.100. 135 Ibidem. P.22-26. 136 LacyJ. Q. Op. cit. P.26. 137 Цит. по: Shinn Ch. H. Mining Camps: A Study in American Frontier Government. New York: Knopf, 1948. P.107. 138 Ibidem. P.22. 139 Ibidem. P.21. 140 Ibidem. P.24-25. 141 Ibidem. P.24. 142 Ibidem. P.29. 143 Ibidem. P.30. 144 Ibidem. P.30. 145 KrentH. Op. cit. P.3. 146 LacyJ. Q. Op. cit. P.35. 147 14. Stat. 252(1866). 148 Swenson R. W. Op. cit. P.37. 149 LacyJ. Q. Op. cit. P.36. 150 Цит. по: KrentH. Op. cit. P.3. 151 LacyJ. Q. Op. cit. P.37-38; 17 Stat. 91, 30 U.S.C. §§ 22-42. 152 Jennison v. Kirk, 98 U.S. 240, 243 (1878). 153 Swenson R. W. Op. cit. P.27. 134 Messick R. E. Rights to Land and American Development. P.45. 155 White R It's Your Misfortune... P.143. 156 Ibidem. P. 145. 157 WoodG. S. Inventing American Capitalism // New York Review of Books, 1994, June 9. P.49. 158 WhiteR Op. cit. P.270. 159 White G. E. The American Judicial Tradition... P.48-49. 160 PhiUmck F. S. Op. cit. P.694. Глава 6 1 Noyes C. R The Institution of Property. New York: Longman's Green, 1936. Р 2, 13. 2 Краткое и ясное обсуждение этого вопроса см.: Landes W. M., PosnerR. A. Adjudication as a Private Good// Journal of Legal Studies, 1979, March, vol.8. P.235-284. 3 Noyes C. R Op. cit. P.20. 4 PayneJ. С In Search of Title. Part 1 // Alabama Law Review, 1961, vol.14, MH.P.17. 5 Rapaczynski A. The Roles of the State and the Market in Establishing Property Rights //Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 1996, vol.10, № 2. P.88. 6 Самое любопытное изложение того, каким образом в Соединенных Штатах внелегальные правила регулируют отношения собственности см.: Ellickson R. С. Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. 7 См.: PosnerR. A. Hegel and Employment at Will: A Comment // Cardozo Law Review, 1989, March-April, vol.10. 8 Berman H.J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983. P.555— 556. 9 BermanH.J. Op. cit. P.557. 10 CooterR., Ulen T. Law and Economics: An Economic Theory of Property. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997. P.79. 11 GruterM. Law and the Mind. London: Sage, 1991. P.62. 12 Benson B. L. The Enterprise of Law. San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1990. P.2. 13 О стремлении внелегальных организаций оказаться под крышей закона см.: Soto H. de. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Harper & Row, 1989. [Сото Э. де. Иной путь: невидимая революция в третьем мире. М.: Catallaxy, 1995, особенно главы 1—4.] 14 Leoni В. Freedom and the Law. Los Angeles: Nash, 1972. P.10-1 1. 15 См.: Sugden R Spontaneous Order //Journal of Economic Perspectives. Fall 1989, vol.3, № 4. P.94-95. См. также: Hayek F. A. Law, Legislation, and Liberty, vols. 1—3. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975. m Payne. In Search of Title. P.20. 17 См.: PowelsonJ. P. The Story of Land. Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1988. 18 Pipes R The Russian Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. P.112. 19 Datta S. K., Nugent J. B. Adversary Activities and Per Capita Income Growth // World Development, 1986, vol.14, № 12. P.1458. 20 Simpson S. R Land, Law, and Registration. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976. P.170. 21 Stein P. Legal Evolution: The Story of an Idea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. P.53. 22 Ibidem. P.55. 23 Holstein L. Review of Bank Experience with Land Titling and Registration, working papers, March 1993. P.9. 24 McLaughlinJ. D., Nichols S. E. Resource Management: The Land Administration and Cadastral Systems Component // Surveying and Mapping, 1989, vol.49, № 2. P.84. Глава 7 1 ThurowL. The Future of Capitalism. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. P.5. 2 Soto H. de. Op. cit. 3 Side Effects of Egypt's Economic Reform Warned // Xinhua (CNN), 1999, February 4. 4 Will G. F. The Pursuit of Virtue and Other Tory Notions. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982. 5 Schwab K., Smadja C. Globalization Needs a Human Face // International Herald Tribune, 1999, January 28. 6 Padgett T. Newsweek, 1996, September 16. 7 Soros G. The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered. New York: Public Affairs, 1998. P.xxvii. 8 KamenkaE., Ed. The Por Marx. New York: Viking Penguin, 1995. P.463. [ Маркс К., Энгельс Ф.Сочинения. Изд.2. Т.23. С.726.] 9 BirdsallN, LondonoJ. L. Assets in Equality Matters // American Economic Review, 1997, May. 10 KamenkaE. Op. cit. P.447. [МарксК., Энгельс Ф. Сочинения. Изд.2. Т.23. С.82.] 11 Marx К. Capital // Collected Works, vol.28. P.235. [Маркс К, Энгельс Ф. Сочинения. Изд.2. Т.23. С.165.] 12 Thomas of Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Part I of Second Part Q.jg, Art. 4. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952. P.672. 13 CoaseR. H. The Nature of the Firm // Economica, November 1937. [ Коуз P. Природа фирмы // Фирма, рынок и право. М.: Дело, 1994. С.33—53.] 14 BodenM. The Creative Mind. London: Abacus, 1992. P.94. 15 DennettD. C. Intentionality // The Oxford Companion to the Mind/ Ed. Gregory R. L. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. P.384. 16 SearleJ. R The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Free Press, 1995. P.46. 17 См.: Foucault M. Les Mots el les choses. Saint Amand: Gallimond, 1993. 18 Popper K. Knowledge and the Body-Mind Problem. London: Routledge, 1994. 19 Forrester V. L'Horreur economuque. Paris: Fayard, 1996. P.61. 20 Marx К. Цит. по: Kamenka E. Op. cit. P.444-447. [Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Сочинения. Изд.2. Т.23. С.80-82.] 21 Levi-Strauss С. Tristes tropiques. Paris: Plon, Terre Humaine/Poche, 1996. P.354. 22 Zakaria F. The Politics of Port // Slate Magazine, Internet, 1999, March 16. 23 Fukuyama F. Trust. New York: Free Press, 1995. 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