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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE WORLD / КУЛЬТУРА АБОРИГЕНОВ МИРА
The voices of Indigenous peoples, if we take the trouble to listen to them, convey priceless
messages to the world: their traditions, particularly ethical and spiritual ones, coupled with their
management of complex ecosystems and their know-how, all play a vital role in the search for
development and peace. Safeguarding their cultures and acknowledging their rights are of strategic
importance for the future of humankind.
UNESCO Culture Newsletter, 2005
UNESCO states that Indigenous populations number some 350 million individuals in more
than 70 countries in the world, and that this represents more than 5000 languages and cultures. Today,
many Indigenous peoples live on the fringes of society and are deprived of basic human rights,
particularly cultural rights, due to dispossession and displacement from their land.
People belonging to the land.
An Indigenous person is, by definition, a person belonging to the land or soil and being native
to, or belonging naturally to a particular region. Indigenous identity and cultural expression is closely
linked to their relationship with land areas.
It is essential to know and understand the deeply spiritual special relationship between
Indigenous peoples and their land as basic to their existence as such and to all their beliefs, customs,
traditions and culture... Their land is not a commodity which can be acquired, but a material element to
be enjoyed freely. Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations, J. M.
Cobo, United Nations Special Rapporteur (1987).
Displacement and dispossession
Dispossession and displacement of Indigenous people has been a way of gaining territory,
controlling trade and acquiring resources since the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC). The
consequences of this experience for Indigenous people has been variously decimation of their
populations as well as oppression by the dominant culture, especially in respect of languages,
traditional knowledge and customs. In Australia, for example, the population was estimated at between
500,000 and 1,000,000 people in 1788. This had declined to about 60,000 people in the 1920s.
In Australia, Torres Strait Islanders experienced displacement after the Strait, named by the
Spaniard Luiz Váez de Torres in 1606, became a sea route for ships travelling between the Australian
colonies and Europe. This enabled the Islanders to extend their trade partners, but also meant European
rule, culture and religion were imposed.
In the 1860s, the discovery of pearl shell and trepang (sea cucumber), a delicacy appreciated by
the Chinese, brought people from all over the region to the Torres Strait Islands. By 1877, 16 pearling
firms were operating on Thursday Island. The colony of Queensland recognised the value of this
resource, and annexed the Islands in 1879.
The influx of settlers severely restricted the ability of the Islanders to continue their traditional
lives and travels. It wasn't until 1936 that Islanders took charge of local government. In 1990 they were
officially recognised as a distinct people.
In June 1992, the High Court of Australia overturned the previous concept of terra nullius
which stated that, in legal terms, Australia was empty of inhabitants when it was first settled by
Europeans. On this day the High Court recognised the native title rights of Eddie Mabo over his
traditional land on Murray Island (Mer). Several other communities (Saibai Islanders and Mualgal
people from Moa Island) have gained native title rights over their islands since the Mabo decision.
The Torres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA) was established in 1994 to allow Torres Strait
Islanders to manage their own affairs according to their own ailan kastom (island custom).
United Nations Declarations
International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples 2005 - 2015 The United Nations
declared the decade from 1994 to 2004 the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
One of the outcomes of this decade was the establishment of a Second Decade of the World's
Indigenous Peoples which commenced on 1 January 2005. The purpose of the two decades of activity
is to identify and raise awareness of Indigenous issues, and establish a charter of Indigenous human
rights.
The International Day of the World's Indigenous People is 9 August every year. In partnership
with the United Nations and its agencies, UNESCO plays a key role in the Decade which is intended to
'strengthen international cooperation for the solution of problems faced by Indigenous people in such
areas as human rights, the environment, development, education and health'.
The program of activities for the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People
recognises the value and diversity of the cultures of Indigenous communities and of their specific
forms of social organisation, and attaches value to the contributions that they can make to humanity.
Cultural Diversity
The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (adopted unanimously by the 185
Member States represented at the 31st session of the General Conference in 2001 in the wake of the
events of 11 September 2001) is the founding act of a new ethic being promoted by UNESCO. The
purpose is to provide the international community with an instrument to move towards development
and peace. This is based on the conviction that respect for cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue
is one of the surest guarantees of development and peace.
The mapping of Indigenous cultural resources carried out by Indigenous communities is seen as
a crucial step toward demonstrating that cultural diversity is a means of enrichment for the greater
society. As such, UNESCO continues to support pilot projects at work in the field. Projects operating
around the globe create numerous opportunities for interactions between knowledgeable people,
Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. Training and consultation activities in this area also benefit
some of the most marginalised communities. UNESCO's Mapping of Indigenous Cultural Resources
Project is intended to contribute to enhance the identity of Indigenous communities and foster a sense
of multicultural citizenship.
3 / 5 In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are complex and diverse. The
Indigenous cultures of Australia have the oldest living cultural history in the world - they go back at
least 50,000 years and some argue closer to 65,000 years. One of the reasons Aboriginal cultures have
survived for so long is their ability to adapt and change over time. It was this affinity with their
surroundings that goes a long way to explaining how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
survived for so many millennia.
Today, Indigenous communities keep their cultural heritage alive by passing their knowledge,
arts, rituals and performances from one generation to another, speaking and teaching languages, and
protecting cultural property and sacred and significant sites and objects.
Intangible heritage
Intangible heritage is sometimes called living cultural heritage, and is seen in the following
expressions: oral traditions, including language; performing arts; social practices, rituals and festive
events; knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; and traditional craftsmanship.
UNESCO has four major programs in the field of intangible cultural heritage:
• Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
• Living Human Treasures
• Endangered Languages
• Traditional Music of the World
The United Nations Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
defines intangible cultural heritage as 'the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the
knowledge and skills, that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognise as part of
their cultural heritage'.
Intangible cultural heritage is transmitted from generation to generation, and is constantly
recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature,
and their historical conditions of existence. Intangible cultural heritage is seen to provide people with a
sense of identity and continuity. By safeguarding it, intangible heritage is seen to promote, sustain and
develop cultural diversity and human creativity.
Australian Indigenous language, music and dance
Language is vitally important in understanding Indigenous Australian heritage, as much of
Indigenous Australian history is an oral history. In Australia, hundreds of languages and dialects
existed when Europeans came into contact (although many are now extinct), and language meaning, as
well as geographic location, is used today to identify different groups.
In Australia, music, song and dance was and is still today a very important part of Aboriginal
life and customs. There were songs for every occasion, some of which were expressed in special
ceremonies. Ceremonial performances are seen as the core of cultural life.
For Tiwi Islanders, these performances bring together all aspects of their art - song, dance,
body decoration, sculpture and painting. Song is one of the primary means by which Indigenous
Australians maintain their identity and culture. Today, there are many song types which flourish across
Australia including Aboriginal rock and folk music.
Dance is a unique aspect of ceremonies which is learnt and passed down from one generation to
another. To dance is to be knowledgeable about the stories of the ancestral heroes. Dancing, unlike
painting and singing, is learnt at an early age. This allows large groups of people to demonstrate their
clan rights in front of an audience. Dance is also seen as an occasion to entertain and to be entertained
and through the work of dance to show their love for families and kin. It is for this reason that dance
may be performed at the end of every day in some communities.
Modern Indigenous dance companies like Bangarra, have developed under the direction of
dance elders from Maningrida, Yirrkala and Dhalinbuy, north-eastern Arnhem Land.
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