Психология критического мышления Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking
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- Глава 11. Слово в заключение
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Термины для запоминанияВы должны уметь давать четкие определения и описания перечисленным ниже терминам и понятиям. Если вы вдруг обнаружите, что некоторые из них вызывают у вас затруднения, то внимательно перечитайте раздел, где они рассматриваются. Бионика. Применение к задачам, стоящим перед человеком, аналогий, которые черпаются из природы. Бисоциативное мышление. Соединение прежде несовместимых понятий или «систем отсчета». Вертикальное мышление. Логическое и прямолинейное мышление. Используется для усовершенствования и развития идей. Сравните с латеральным мышлением. Внешняя мотивация. Задание выполняется ради получения награды или избежания наказания. Внутренняя мотивация. Собственное желание заниматься каким-либо заданием ради него самого, а не ради награды или чтобы избежать наказания. Интуиция. Счастливое неожиданное открытие, которое происходит тогда, когда вы его совсем не ждете. Контрольные списки творческих идей. Эти списки предполагают выработку творческих идей путем варьирования отдельных компонентов задачи и связей между ними. Латеральное мышление. Размышление «вокруг» проблемы. Используется для выработки новых идей, а иногда как синоним творческого мышления. Сравните с вертикальным мышлением. Метафора. Аналогия или сравнение, находящее сходства между двумя абсолютно непохожими вещами. Мозговой штурм. Групповой или индивидуальный метод поиска решения задачи. Поощряется выдвижение неожиданных и необычных идей, а их рассмотрение откладывается до той поры, когда их можно будет модифицировать или скомби- 480
нировать. Цель состоит в том, чтобы найти как можно больше вариантов решения. Образ. Отображение чего-либо в мозгу в виде своего рода картины. Плюс-минус-интересно. План поиска решения Эдварда де Боно (De Bono, 1976), заключающийся в фиксировании положительных, отрицательных и интересных черт рассматриваемых решений. Подвижность идей. Характеризуется выработкой при решении задач большого количества идей. Связывающий алгоритм. Этот метод выработки творческих решений основывается на изменении связей между объектами с помощью связующих слов — таких как «на», «между», «под» и «через». Список свойств. При этом методе выработки творческого решения каждая характеристика или качество объекта или ситуации записывается, а затем исследуется на возможность модификации или перекомбинирования. Синергия. Соединяет кажущиеся несопоставимыми части в полезное и действующее целое. Такие сочетания часто используются в творческом мышлении. Творчество (креативность). Создание чего-то оригинального и полезного. Чувствительность. Восприимчивость к информации, получаемой через органы чувств; «подмечает» стимулы, важные для принятия творческого решения. Глава 11. Слово в заключениеДумать — это как любить и умирать. Каждый должен делать это сам. Неизвестный автор Эта глава может понравиться вам больше всего, потому что в ней практически ничего не сказано. Прочитав эту книгу, вы приобрели знания, которые должны помочь вам лучше мыслить. В каждой главе рассматривался только один тип мышления. Это было необходимо по той причине, что большой объем информации нужно было разбить на более удобные для восприятия части. К сожалению, само мышление не разбивается на аккуратные отдельные категории, и в большинстве ситуаций приходится применять смежные навыки. Нужно постоянно обращаться к памяти и помнить о том, что от того, какие мы используем слова и образы, по сути и зависит то, как мы думаем. Не забывайте о логике. Те методы, которым вы научились, можно использовать на протяжении всей жизни. Но самое важное: мыслите критически. Вы должны обнаруживать проблемы, упущенные другими, поддерживать заключения, опирающиеся на весомые доказательства, и настойчиво работать. Надеюсь, что это книга поможет вам лучше мыслить. Пришло время оглянуться назад и вспомнить определение критического мышления, данное в первой главе, а также широкие понятия информации и стратегий в последующих главах. Мне кажется, найдено очень верное и емкое определение, в котором подчеркнуто, что под критическим мышлением подразумевается комплекс различных качеств. Сможете ли вы использовать полученную информацию? Как по-вашему, после чтения этой книги вы с большим успехом будете добиваться желаемого? Стали ли вы мыслить более критически? Будет полезно, если вы постараетесь отобрать и свести вместе те навыки, которые вы используете, когда сталкиваетесь с задачей. Работая над задачей, попытайтесь составить для себя полезную памятку. В произвольной форме, как вам удобно. Работайте над своим мышлением, стремитесь к самосовершенствованию. Рассуждайте мудро. От этого зависит ваше будущее.
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