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At the beginning of the XXth century, problem of studying values initially interested American 
social psychologists W. Thomas and F. Znaniecki, who singled out only significant characteristics 
for humans as values. They believed that each value is determined by the activity of a person and 
system of their adhered certain values. Moreover, values can be created and destroyed by people 
themselves, and not only in the process of activity, but also in interaction between them. Highlighting 
economic, social, spiritual, religious, scientific, and other values, they included in this list of values 
and human being themselves [1].
Starting from the 20-30 years of the XXth century, E.Fromm, K.Rogers, A.Maslow, 
F.Kluckhohn and F.Strodtbeck, G. Allport, M. Rokeach, G. Hofstede, H.Triandis, S. Schwartz and 
others took up the most active study of this problem. 
E.Fromm in the work named «Flight from freedom» connects values with the needs of a person 
- from their need for survival and security to the need for self-realization, while separately 
highlighting the need for a value system. He wrote the following «a system of views, values is needed 
to help us navigate the world around us. The lack of values leads to spiritual death of individual from 
loneliness and the lack of life meaning, moreover the connection «with some ideas, moral values or 
at least social standards - and gives them a sense of community and belonging» [2]. In consequence 
of the value system, a person can organize the huge number of motivation and stimulus that they 
encounter throughout their life. E. Fromm believed that a person has the need to allocate certain norms 
and values in accordance with which they should live. Proceeding from this conclusion, the American 
psychologist marked out two categories of values - it is officially recognized and realized to which 
they carried religious and humanistic values and also so-called valid, unconscious, being generation 
of a social system which are direct motives of human behavior, and that accurately structured and 
forming a certain hierarchy [2]. 
As psychological factors that determine people’s social behavior, he identifies values and 
attitudes, and examining their relationship, concludes that values, unlike attitudes, are not only 
abstract, but become the most important in people’s lives. Proceeding from the fact that human values 
are rather few and organized in systems he allocated two types of values - terminal (values - the 
purposes) and tool (values – the means). To the terminal, he considered the belief that some ultimate 
goal of individual existence from a personal and social point of view is worth striving for this. 
Furthermore, he divided instrumental values into the following groups - ethical, values of 
communication, and values of business; individualistic, conformist, altruistic; self-affirmation, 
acceptance of other people, etc. Moreover, M. Rokeach viewed instrumental values as beliefs that 
some way of acting or personality properties are preferable in any situation [3]. 
Highlighting terminal and instrumental values, he reasoned that fundamental individual values 
are laid down in a distant childhood of person in the process of socialization and therefore they will 
almost not be able to be changed in adulthood. In this regard, it becomes very important for him to 
question how values and social behavior can change, despite their relative stability. 
According to M. Rokeach, transformations of values in a hierarchical position will occur only 
when a person realizes objectively existing contradictions between individual values, i.e. when a 
person places himself in a state of «confrontation». Also important is the conclusion of M.Rokeach 
that a change in values will occur when a person realizes the discrepancy between some values, which 
leads to the formation of a dissatisfaction sense with himself. Conversely, value stabilizes when a 
person is satisfied with himself and his actions. The «Methodology for studying value orientations» 
proposed by M. Rokeach itself is based on direct ranking on 18 points of terminal and instrumental 
values [3]. In the modern period, using this technique, many applied studies are still being carried 
out, confirming that all our actions are the result of our prevailing values. 
Following M.Rokeach, the S.Schwartz and W.Bilsky also divided all values into terminal and 
instrumental. They attributed to terminal values those certain final states and goals of human activity 
that are revealed in manifestations of faithful friendship, wealth, «peace» on Earth, etc.). 
Instrumental values - they attributed the principles of human action, as well as the models and 
methods of their behavior. Therefore, in particular, this type of values, in their opinion, can include 

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values that are revealed in the ability to serve, willingness to forgive, respect for the elders, the ability 
to set goals independently, etc. 
Based on this, he drew attention to the fact that with all differences in values taking into account 
all cultures there are common values and their understanding, uniting all human society: 
1) values - beliefs related to emotions, and not objective cold ideas; 
2) values - human goals and behavior that contribute to the achievement of these goals; 
3) values - abstract goals that are not limited to certain actions and situations; 
4) values - standards or criteria that guide the choice of action mode or the assessment of people 
and events; 
5) values - system of value priorities, ordered in importance relative to each other. 
Basis on the motivational types of values allocated to scientists are motivational goals 
determined by the need of biological organism to be an individual, the need for coordinated social 
interaction and the need of group for survival and well-being.
In all three countries, a pathway model tested with traditional values predicting mental health 
mediated by social support and modern values. As the study showed, traditional value orientations 
were strongest in China, followed by Russia and Germany. Modelling conducted during the study 
with structural equations confirmed the hypothesis of mediated effect concerning mental health on 
value orientations in general. Traditional value benevolence presupposes social support, while 
modern value self-direction presupposes only - sustainability. The study concluded that value 
orientations are a sensitive tool for empirically describing intercultural differences. Systematization 
and analysis of the study findings proved that personal value orientations are significant predictors of 
mental health. Thus, a study of personal values has
Thus, the Czech psychologist has proved the hypothesis that the influence of values on traits 
largely occurs at a conscious level and has a cognitive basis. Moreover, it can change in the long run 
and modify its polarity in response to strong confrontations with social environment, while the 
strength and polarity of influence on personal traits concerning values remain stable over time [4]. 
Thus, the analysis of main approaches to the study concerning value issues in foreign studies 
has shown great interest in this problem. Assessment of these approaches and concepts showed that 
in the context of psychology, value orientations are considered as values shared by individuals, acting 
as goals of life and main means of achieving these goals and, therefore, acquiring the function of the 
most important regulators on individuals’ behavior. Therefore, in psychology, much emphasis is 
placed not on the study of values, as such, but on the study of value orientations, which are a special 
subjective, individualized and motivated reflection in the psyche and consciousness of person, group 
of values at a particular stage of socio-political and economic development.
 
References 
1. Thomas W. Metodologicheskie zametki / U. Tomas, F. Znaneckij // Amerik. soc. mysl' / pod red. V.I. 
Dobren'kova [Methodological notes / W. Thomas, F. Znanetsky // Americ. social thought / ed. in and. Dobrenkova] (M., 
1994. - p. 335–337). (In Russian). 
2. Fromm E. Begstvo ot svobody. Chelovek dlya sebya: per. s angl. [Escape from freedom. A man for himself: 
trans. from English] (М.: AST, 2006. - p. 33-34). (In Russian). 
3. Rokeach M. Priroda chelovecheskih cennostej [The nature of human values] // (Free Press, 1973: 20-28). (In 
Russian). 
4. Anýžová P. The Social-Psychological Context of Human Values: The Reciprocal Relationship between 
Personality Traits and Value Orientations//Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2017, 53(3): 393-426. 

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