Line and staff positions (линейньіе и управленческие должности)
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- Underline all international words in the text. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.
- III. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sen tences with them
- IV. Match the word combinations on the left with their corre sponding equivalents on the right
- V. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- VI. Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column В and antonyms in column C
- VII. Learn the words given below and their synonyms, consult dictionaries and try to explain the differences if any: domestic
- IX. Fill in the articles where necessary
- X. Complete the following sentences with the words and expressions from the box, using them in the appropriate form
- XL Make up questions to which the following statements will be the answers: OIL INDUSTRY
Questions for Discussion
PART I US INDUSTRY The United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger, and by many measures more successful than ever. Not only had it endured two world wars and a global depression in the first half of the 20th century, but it had surmounted challenges ranging from a 40-year Cold War with the Soviet Union to extended bouts of sharp inflation, high unemployment, and enormous government budget deficits in the second half of the century. The nation finally enjoyed a period of economic calm in the 1990s: prices were stable, unemployment dropped to its lowest level in almost 30 years, the government posted a budget surplus, and the stock market experienced an unprecedented boom. In 1998, America's gross domestic product — the total output of goods and services — exceeded $8.5 trillion. Though the United States held less than 5 percent of the worlds population, it accounted for more than 25 percent of the worlds economic output. Japan, the world's second largest economy, produced about half as much. And while Japan and many of the worlds other economies grappled with slow growth and other problems in the 1990s, the American economy recorded the longest uninterrupted period of expansion in its history. As in earlier periods, however, the United States was undergoing profound economic change at the beginning of the 21st century. A wave of technological innovations in computing, telecommunications, and the biological sciences were profoundly affecting how Americans work and play. At the same time, the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the growing economic strength of Western Europe, the emergence of powerful economies in Asia, expanding economic opportunities in Latin America and Africa, and the increased global integration of business and finance posed new opportunities as well as risks. All of these changes were leading Americans to re-examine everything from how they organize their workplaces to the role of government. Perhaps as a result, many workers, while content with their current status, looked to the future with uncertainty. The economy also faced some continuing long-term challenges. Although many Americans had achieved economic security and some had accumulated great wealth, significant numbers — especially unmarried mothers and their children — continued to live in poverty. Disparities in wealth, while not as great as in some other countries, were larger than in many. Environmental quality remained a major concern. Substantial numbers of Americans lacked health insurance. The aging of the large post-World War II baby-boom generation promised to tax the nation's pension and health-care systems early in the 21st centuiy. And global economic integration had brought some dislocation along with many advantages. In particular, traditional manufacturing industries had suffered setbacks, and the nation had a large and seemingly irreversible deficit in its trade with other countries. Throughout the continuing upheaval, the nation has adhered to some bedrock principles in its approach to economic affairs. First, and most important, the United States remains a «market economy." Americans continue to believe that an economy generally operates best when decisions about what to produce and what prices to charge for goods are made through the give-and-take of millions of independent buyers and sellers, not by government or by powerful private interests. In a free market system, Americans believe, prices are most likely to reflect the true value of things, and thus can best guide the economy to produce what is most needed. The pragmatism and flexibility of Americans has resulted in an unusually dynamic economy. Change — whether produced by growing affluence, technological innovation, or growing trade with other nations — has been a constant in American economic history. As a result, the once agrarian country is far more urban — and suburban — today than it was 100, or even 50, years ago. Services have become increasingly important relative to traditional manufacturing. In some industries, mass production has given way to more specialized production that emphasizes product diversity and customization. Large corporations have merged, split up, and reorganized in numerous ways. "New industries and companies that did not exist at the midpoint of the 20th century now play a major role in the nation's economic life. Employers are becoming less paternalistic, and employees are expected to be more self-reliant. And increasingly, government and business leaders emphasize the importance of developing a highly skilled and flexible work force in order to ensure the country's future economic success. to endure to surmount challenges bouts the stock market gross domestic market to grapple expansion technological innovation collapse self-reliant uncertainty workforce long-term disparities to be a major concern to lack health insurance baby-boom generation pension and health care systems setbacks irreversible deficit upheaval to adhere bedrock principles to charge prices pragmatism urban suburban product diversity customization to merge to split up paternalistic виносити (пережити); прийняти виклики; повторювання (круговерть); ринок цінних паперів; валовий національний продукт; боротися; експансія, розвиток; технічні інновації; розпад; невизначеність; робоча сила; довгостроковий; розбіжності; бути головним питанням: не мати страхового полісу по страхуванню здоров 'я; сплеск народжуваності; системи забезпечення охорони здоров 'я та пенсій; регрес; неподоланий дефіцит; зрушення; дотримуватися чогось; основні принципи; встановлювати ціни; міський; приміський; розмаїття продукту; зосередження на споживачеві; зливати; розходитися; дуже перейматися чимось. /. Underline all international words in the text. Give their Ukrainian equivalents. II. Read, translate and learn the following words and use them in the sentences of your own: global depression sharp inflation unemployment a budget surplus boom to affect risk environmental to tax manufacturing tries market economy private affluence an agrarian country indus- a highly skilled workforce III. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sen tences with them: a global depression; biological sciences; profound economic change; to organize the workplaces; global economic integration; a free-market system; American economic history; mass production; new industries; government and business leaders. IV. Match the word combinations on the left with their corre sponding equivalents on the right:
i) state of being unemployed j) come or break to pieces suddenly k) communications by cable, telegraph, telephone, radio or TV l) a time when everything in the economy is quite and peaceful V. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them: вступити у 21 вік; світова інтеграція; всесвітня війна; роль уряду; безробіття знизилося до найнижчого рівня; неповна родина; жити у бідності; населення світу; товари та послуги; світовий випуск продукції; реальна вартість; у два рази менше; гнучкість; падіння комуністичної системи; уступити; роботодавці; економічні здобутки. VI. Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column В and antonyms in column C:
VII. Learn the words given below and their synonyms, consult dictionaries and try to explain the differences if any: domestic native, home-grown, home-made; of one's own country or a specific country; smth of the home or family; home-loving; domestic supply of food   to exceed be greater than, go beyond (a limit), beat, surpass, outdo, excel;
to produce bear, bring forth, yield, supply, give, create, demonstrate, present, make, originate, generate, bring about, give rise to, cause, show, exhibit, display; expansion enlargement, increase, amplification, dilation, inflation, spread, extension, growth, augmentation, development, elaboration; seller vendor, trader, marketer, retailer, agent, dealer, mer- chant, rep, salesman; to guide rule, supervise, accompany, attend, conduct, convoy, direct, escort, train, teach, lead, pilot, shepherd, steer, usher, command, control, handle, manage, advise, counsel, educate, govern; dynamic active, driving, energetic, forceful, go-ahead, high-powered, lively, magnetic, powerful, rigorous, vital; to give way promote, further smth. favour smth, be conducive to, make for, assist; employee hand, staff member, wage-earner, worker, workman. VIII. Fill in prepositions, where necessary: THE US AIR AND SPACE INDUSTRY
IX. Fill in the articles where necessary:
10. Development of a new vehicle before retiring ... shuttle would benefit ... nation by keeping them at ... cutting edge of technological research, providing high-quality US jobs, and raising ... new generation of highly skilled aerospace workers. X. Complete the following sentences with the words and expressions from the box, using them in the appropriate form:  
 In the future; American research scientists; the magic crystal ball; association; set of goals; research and development; will support and invest; a campaign; free markets; reallocation of funds; aerospace products; loan terms; support from; for the future; transportation system; magic crystal ball; to preserve; long experience
Many innovators are credited with having a foresight and genius to know what would be needed and develop the right technology. But from , we know no one has the magic crystal ball ____, is a high risk game one in which scientists explore a fascinating idea they suspect may have application. has a long history of spectacular achievements — enhancing the lives of Americans and even saving their lives. Today hesitate to take risk, because they have lost the desire to invest in research and development unless there is some guarantee, the idea will work. Well, we still don't have but we do have a plan.
The Aerospace Industries has developed a five-year plan for aerospace R&D beginning in 2004, to establish a clear for the nation's aerospace R&D needs. The industry is hitting the road, launching to ensure the administration and Congress will in these long-term-goals. The plan also calls for to key areas such as solid rocket motors, propulsion systems, rotorcraft, global positioning satellites and avionics. Also Americans do believe in , it is evident that there is no free market for aerospace products. Every country that produces receives a variety of governmental assistance in the form of R&D funding, favorable and the like. To survive in the global marketplace, Americans believe that the new plan can be implemented with the strong management in place of NASA and support the White House and the Congress. The American's vision — a robust manned space program, a modern air that integrates their defense and homeland secu- rity missions, and a military with the state-of-art weapons system — depends not on , but on investments in aerospace R&D. It's a commitment America must make the future. XL Make up questions to which the following statements will be the answers: OIL INDUSTRY Q A. Exploration for and production of oil and natural gas are the first steps in delivering gasoline to your car, lights and heat to your home, raw materials to business and industry, fertilizer to farmer's fields, and many other aspects of daily life. Q A. Without successful exploration and continued production, all of the items that we depend on oil and gas for would become more expensive or unavailable. Q A. Currently, approximately 25% of the US oil and natural gas pro duction comes from offshore has enabled the industry to explore deeper waters in the Gulf of Mexico and minimizing impact on the environment. Q A. The federal government owns nearly one-third of the land in the country, and almost 50% of the land includes wilderness areas, national parks, and other protected areas. Q A. The remainder is designated as «multiple use» land, which means that a variety of activities ranging from oil and gas exploration development, recreation, to ranching are permitted. Q A. Alaska is currently the source of nearly 18% of US oil production, and it holds a number promising areas for future large discoveries. Q A. Demand for natural gas is expected to rise rapidly as this clean-burning fuel has many advantages, particularly for power generation. Q A. Production and environmental protection are not mutually exclusive and the oil and natural gas industry has an excellent track record of environmental stewardship. Advances in technology have transformed the exploration and production business. Production can be conducted in harmony with environment protection. Today, sophisticated technology and high-speed computers help Americans to develop three-dimensional underground maps that significantly improve their ability to locate oil or gas deposits. XII. Agree or disagree with the statements. Give your reasons. The following phrases may be helpful: (Not) quite so ... On the contrary ... As I see it... I can't agree with you I fully agree with you ... In my opinion ... I don't think so жүктеу/скачать 0.98 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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