Line and staff positions (линейньіе и управленческие должности)
PART I CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- Metals and Fabricated Metal Products.
- Machinery and Equipment.
- Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering.
- Textile and Clothing Industry.
- Leather and Footwear Industry.
- Paper, Printing and Publishing.
- Food, Drink and Tobacco Industry.
- IV. Supply the correct word from the box for each space in the sentences of the text given below
- ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
- V. Make up sentences of your own with the words and expressions given below
- VI. Make up questions to which the following statements will be answers («Control of Industry»)
- VII. Answer the questions. Begin your answers with
- VIII. Agree or disagree with the statements. Give your reasons. The following phrases may be helpful
| PART I
CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM Manufacturing continues to play an important role in the UK economy, even though service industries generated 3,8 times as much Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and over five times as much employment. Important industries include chemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, electronics, motor vehicles and components, aerospace, offshore equipment, and paper and printing, where British companies are among the world's largest. Facing strong competition in overseas markets from newly industrialized as well as from other developed countries, manufacturing has undergone considerable reorganization to improve competitiveness. The general location of industry has changed little in recent years. As before, four-fifths of industrial and agricultural production is concentrated in England. Simultaneously, in the national outlying regions of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland the rate and level of the development of industry are obviously lower than in England. In the postwar years this gap between England and the outlying regions has increased, because of the decline of the traditional industries such as coal-mining, ship-building, ferrous metallurgy, textiles which are heavily concentrated in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Government's energy policy is based on diversity of sources and on sustained and secure energy production at competitive prices, within a framework where competition can flourish, markets can operate efficiently for the benefit of suppliers and consumers, and the UK can make use of its indigenous resources. The electricity and gas markets in Great Britain are open to full competition, with the aim of giving consumers a choice from a growing number of suppliers. Electricity is mainly generated by conventional steam power stations, gas turbines and oil engines (about 75%). Nuclear plants make up about 25% of the electricity generated, while the share of hydroelectric plants is only a little more than 1%. Much attention is being paid to the development of nuclear power. It generates about one sixth of the world's energy and over a third of Europe's. The Government sees nuclear power as having an important role well into the future.
Over three-quarters of UK steel exports go to other EU Member States. Germany is the UK's biggest market. Coras, Europe's third largest steelmaker and the seventh largest in the world, employed 33,200 people in the UK at the end of June 2000 and produced 85% of the UK's total crude steel. Its output is based on strip mill products, plate, sections, specialist engineering steels, bars, wire rods and tubes. Products manufactured by other UK steel companies include reinforcing bars for the construction industry, wire and wire products. The production of special steels is centered on the Sheffield area and includes stainless and alloy special steels for the aerospace and offshore oil and gas industries. Britain's non-ferrous metal processing and fabricating industry is one of the largest in Western Europe. Its major products are aluminum, secondary refined copper, lead and primary zinc. Machinery and Equipment. Mechanical machine-building is an area in which British firms excel, especially internal combustion engines, power transmission equipment, pumps and compressors, wheeled tractors, lawn-mowers, construction and earth-moving equipment and textile machinery. The UK is a major producer of industrial engines, pumps, valves and compressors. Companies manufacture steam generators and other heavy equipment for power plants. Production of office machinery and computers rose by 274% between 1990 and 2000. Many of the world's leading overseas-based multinational electronics firms have substantial manufacturing investment in the UK. The main electronic consumer goods produced are television sets with an increasing proportion of widescreen and digital sets. High-fidelity audio and video equipment is also produced.
A broad range of other electrical machinery and apparatus is produced in the UK by both British and foreign companies covering power plant, electric motors generators, transformers, switchgear, insulated wire and cable and lighting equipment. Motor Vehicles. Around 720.000 jobs are dependent on the UK automotive industry. There are around 40 motor vehicle manufactures in the UK. Seven groups now dominate car output, accounting for 99% of the total: Ford, Vauxhall, Peugeot, Honda, Nissan, Toyota and the newly independent MG Rover. Since 1997 motor vehicle manufacturers have announced over £ 4 billion in new capital investment in the UK, which is expected to create over 10.000 new jobs. The main truck manufacturers are Paccar and ERF, now owned by MAN of Germany. Medium-sized vans are manufactured by LDV at Birmingham, Ford at Southampton and by the new GM/Renault joint venture in Luton. The merger of the UK bus manufacturing interests of Mayflower and Henlys to form Transbus has resulted in a powerful new group able to compete successfully in European and other world markets. The Chemical Industry. The Chemical Industry is one of the primary manufacturing sectors in the UK. It is a diverse industry, with important representation in all principal chemical sectors ranging from bulk petrochemicals to low-volume, high-value specialized organics. It includes key industrial materials such as plastics and synthetic rubber, and other products such as man-made fibres, soap and detergents, cosmetics, adhesives, dyes and inks, and intermediates for the pharmaceutical industry. Lubricating oils and greases, fertilizers and mineral oil refining are included within this group of industries. The Chemical industry is developing intensively and accounts for about 16% of British manufacturing exports, placing the country among the major Chemical exporting nations of the world. Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering. The UK merchant ship-building industry, located mainly in Scotland and northern England, consists of some 19 years employing in the region of 3500 to 4.000 people, producing ships ranging from tugs and fishing vessels to fast ferries and large specialist craft far offshore exploration and exploitation work. Ministry of Defence announced orders for the construction of troop landing ships and troop carriers which will safeguard and create thou- sands of jobs at UK shipyards. Overall shipyards employ about 26.000 people and tend to concentrate around Southampton, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne, Glasgow and Belfast.
Industry activities cover designing and constructing airframes, aero-engines, guided weapons, space satellites. The UK has the Western world's second largest defence manufacturing industry after that of the United States. Short Brothers, the third largest civil aircraft manufacturer in the world, employs about 6.000 people. The Company is engaged in design and production of major civil aircraft sub-assemblies, advanced engine nacelles and components for aerospace manufacturers. Textile and Clothing Industry. The sector has been adversely affected by imports from low labour-cost suppliers. UK manufacturers have modernised their domestic operations to meet this challenge. Firms have shifted into higher-value products to benefit from the UK's strengths in fashion, design, product and process innovation, and information technology. The textile industry has a high degree of regional concentration, reflecting the traditional centres for this sector: cotton textiles in the North West, fine knitwear in Scotland, linen in Northern Ireland, woolens and worsteds in Yorkshire and Scotland, and knitted fabrics in the East Midlands. The clothing industry is more dispersed throughout the UK, but also has significant concentrations in the Midlands north and east London and the North East. The principal textile and clothing products are yarns, woven and knitted fabrics, interior textiles, technical textiles, carpets and a full range of clothing (including knitwear). The UK produces fabrics and technical textiles which include non-wovens for filtration and absorb-ency, textiles used in construction, automotive textiles, sewing thread, rope and medical healthcare textiles and a very wide range of fabrics used in the automotive, aviation, aerospace and defence sectors. The clothing industry is more labour-intensive than textiles. Although a broad range of clothing is imported, British industry still supplies about two-fifths of domestic demand.
Spirits production gives Scotland the highest concentration of employment in the alcoholic and soft drinks manufacturing industry, with a significant proportion of jobs in its economically deprived rural areas. Among the best-known companies involved in food and drink manufacturing and processing are Unilever, Cadbury Schweppes, Nestle, Associated British Foods, Tate and Lyle and others. Specialist small and medium-sized firms in the food and drink manufacturing industry thrive alongside these large concerns, supplying high-quality 'niche' products, often to small retail outlets, such as delicatessens. Frozen foods and chilled convenience foods, such as frozen potato products and ready-prepared meals, fish and shellfish dishes, salads and pasta, together with yogurts, desserts and instant snacks, have formed some of the fastest growing sectors of the food market in recent years. Many new low-fat and fat-free items are being introduced, ranging from dairy products to complete prepared meals. engineering, n electric (al) engineering mechanical engineering  . aerospace industry
aircraft industry automotive industry motor industry e  xtractive industry food processing industry iron-and-steel
ferrous metallurgy industry (metal) fabricating industry manufacturing industry mining industry primary industry output levels flow of output manufacturing output total output . annual output overseas, adj. non-ferrous metals merger, n processing, n recession, n resource, n звич. pl resource immobility allocation of resources capital resources human (labour) resources limited resources natural resources productive resources scarce resources електротехнічне машинобудування електротехніка; машинобудування машинобудування; технологія машинобудування авіаційно-космічна промисловість літакобудування автомобільна промисловість . добувна промисловість харчова промисловість чорна металургія металообробна промисловість . обробна промисловість гірнича промисловість добувна промисловість; провідна галузь рівні виробництва випуск продукції обсяг виробництва переробної промисловості загальний обсяг продукції; валовий випуск щорічний, річний випуск закордонний, зарубіжний кольорові метали об 'єднання, злиття, поглинання обробка спад, занепад, зниження ресурси, запаси обмежена мобільність або брак мобільності ресурсів розподіл ресурсів капітал людські, трудові ресурси обмежені ресурси природні ресурси (багатства) виробничі ресурси недостатні (дефіцитні) ресурси    /. Match the words from the text with their corresponding definitions on the right
1) convenience goods
g) a technology in which machines and equipment do most of the work h) the progressive weakening of the contribution of manufacturing industry to the national economy i) large tools and machines used for production purposes
m) selling and shipping raw materials or products to other nations n) the part of economy that produces goods (as opposed to services) //. Complete the following sentences:
3.The Government's energy policy is based on... 4.The UK's textiles, clothing and footwear industry has been adversely affected by imports from low labour-cost suppliers that's why...
III. Match the worlds on the left with their synonyms on the right. There may be more than one synonym of one word:
  IV. Supply the correct word from the box for each space in the sentences of the text given below:
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES Offshore natural gas, which is distributed through 5,600 km of high pressure , is used by industries which require a fine de gree of , but, because it is easily , it has not created industrial in the way coal did. About half of the national is used for industrial and commercial , and the re
Britain is the world's sixth largest oil and, although produc tion is expected to start slowly, Britain should remain a producer in the twenty-first century. About 80 % of offshore is brought by pipeline to one of the 14 . There are also a series of onshore pipelines, which carry re fined to major marketing . The main of Britain's declining coal industry, which still has considerable are the thermal power , which in 2002 accounted for 78 % of total consumption to produce roughly one-third of Britain's . Only 3 % was used by domestic . Britain was the first country in the to have a public of electricity. Nowadays over 60 companies held generation in England and Wales. The National Grid Company (NGC) owns and operates the system, and is responsible for electricity supply and . Distribution transfer of electricity from the national to consumers via local is carried out by the 12 regional electricity companies (RECs) in England and Wales. Supply — the
Britain, including 24 million homes and 2 million small businesses, are free to their electricity V. Make up sentences of your own with the words and expressions given below:
VI. Make up questions to which the following statements will be answers («Control of Industry»): Q A. Up to 1945 nationalisation had been on a relatively small scale, but the Labour Government that came to power in that year was committed to a comprehensive nationalisation programme. Q A. In 1946 coal mines and civil aviation were taken over by the State. Q A. The Transport Act of 1947 nationalised the railways, canals and some road transport, while in 1949 gas and iron and steel were added to the list. Q A. In 1954 the Conservatives set up the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority to develop nuclear power for peaceful purposes. In 1971 the Government nationalised Rolls Royce when financial difficulties drove the company into liquidation. Q A. It can scarcely be said that the nationalised industries have had an easy history. The establishment of the public sector and its role has produced a great deal of discussion in Parliament, in board rooms throughout the country and in a large number of other places. A. One of the issues that has caused most argument is how the public industries, should be run. The fundamental question here is whether they should be expected to make a profit or whether they should be operated primarily as a public service, being subsidised when necessary by the government. Q A. This problem is well illustrated by the railways. When the railways were nationalised by the Transport Act of 1947 they had been making a loss for a number of years. Q A. Public ownership did not change the situation, and the question of profit versus public service was soon being hotly debated. Q A. The Act said that they should pay their way but a large labour . force, outdated equipment and a large number of uneconomic branch lines made this difficult to achieve. Q A. A number of companies, including British Aerospace, Cable and Wireless, the National Freight Consortium, Britoil, British Telecom, British Gas and other power companies have been privatised. Q A. The sale of all these organizations has caused a great deal of political debate in the country; critics of the policy have claimed that shares were sold too cheaply. VII. Answer the questions. Begin your answers with: As far as I can remember... I remember quite clearly that... The point is that... I believe you know that... From what I remember... I am of the opinion that... To my way of thinking... I must admit that... I am inclined to think that... There is no doubt that... It is common knowledge that... Perhaps, I could begin by saying that... I should say that... It stands to reason that...
years. 3. Manufacturing doesn't play a vital role in the economy of the United Kingdom. 4. Manufacturing has undergone considerable reorganization to improve competitiveness in overseas markets. 5. Textiles and Clothing Industry positioned itself as a strong com petitor in the world market.
1. What is the role of manufacturing in the development of the economy?
their development.
VIII. Agree or disagree with the statements. Give your reasons. The following phrases may be helpful: I am fully in favour of... supporting this statemen t... I think the idea deserves our I am sorry, I disagree entirely... backing... I'm sorry, I have to disagree... You are absolutely right. That's not right I'm afraid... I entirely agree... I'm not sure I can go along with . There is a lot of truth in... you on that I can see no reasons for IX. Translate into English:
10. Понад 60 % внутрішнього ринку електрики ЄЄ відкрито для конкуренції. Великобританія, Фінляндія, Німеччина і Швеція запровадили право вибору споживача для всіх вітчизняних, промислових і комерційних замовників. X. Act as an interpreter: Dialogue A A.: Manufacturing continues to play an important role in the UK economy, even though service industries generated 3.8 times as much Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and over five times as much employment in 2000. Це насправді так. Думаю, що я не відкрию великого секрету, коли скажу, що до важливих галузей промисловості належать хімічна, аерокосмічна, фармацевтична, електронна, автомобільна галузі, де британські компанії є серед найбільших в світі. As far as I know, manufacturing accounted for 18,7 % of gross value added in 2000 and for 15,2 % of employment (3.9 million people) in the UK at the end of December 2 000. Цифри дійсно вражають, але мені відомо, що занепад на початку 90-х призвів до скорочення обсягу виробництва переробної промисловості. You are quite right. But it began to rise again in 1993. By 1999 the volume of output was 10 % above the level in 1992, rising by a further 1,6 % in 2000. Some industries, notably electrical and optical equipment but also chemicals and rubber and plastic products, have achieved substantial growth following the recession. Однак, обсяг виробництва інших галузей, таких, як текстильна і шкіряна, залишається набагато нижче рівня 1990 року. А як справи в будівельній промисловості? The construction industry contributed 5,2 % of gross value added in 2000. Following a period of marked decline as recession affected the industry in the early 1990s, output picked up and was 11,8 % higher in 2000 than in 1993, although still a little below pre-recession levels.
A.: Давай поговоримо про продукцію з резини та пластмаси, оскільки вона користується великим попитом на світовому ринку, а, наскільки я знаю, Великобританія має добре розвинену галузь по виробництву такої продукції. B.: With pleasure. You are aware of the fact, I'm sure, that rubber products include tyres and tubes, pipes, hoses, betting and floor coverings, many of which have applications in the automotive industry. А тобі відомо, скільки людей працює в цій галузі і які фірми є найбільшими виробниками цієї продукції? В.: Certainly. The industry employs around 40.000 in 1.000 enterprises. The largest firms in this sector are major tyre manufacturers such as Goodyear, making tyres in the UK since 1927, and Michelin. А.: Наскільки я знаю, целюлозний нітрат або целулоїд був першою продукцією з пластмаси, яка досягла справжнього успіху і була вперше представлена на Великій Міжнародній Виставці в Лондоні в 1862 році. В.: Well, since then plastics have made great advances and have a multitude of applications today. А.: Це так, безперечно. Пакувальна промисловість — найбільший користувач, яка відповідає за 36 % ринку, за нею йде будівельна (23 %), товари електротехнічної та електронної промисловості (11 %), та транспортна промисловість. В.: The UK's plastics industry continues to be a world leader in material specification and design, with new processes allowing stronger plastics to replace traditional materials and develop new applications. British Polythene Industries manufacture products such as carrier bags, sacks and shrink film. Linpac's output includes trays, fast food packaging, egg cartons and disposable tableware.
А.: В Середні Віки Великобританія, як і решта держав Європи, була сільською країною. Більшість населення проживало в селах або маленьких сільських поселеннях і для забезпечення своїх життєвих потреб покладалось на сільське господарство. В.: Я знаю з історії, що в 16-му і 17-му сторіччях в політичному і економічному житті країни відбулися великі зміни. А.: Це вірно. Але оскільки розвиток техніки не йшов в ногу з цими змінами, спосіб життя не дуже змінився. В.: Однак так було до початку 18-го сторіччя. Технологічні розробки почали наздоганяти зміни в політико-економічний системі. Існування порівняно складної фінансової структури, через яку можна було отримати кредит, зробило дуже багато для того, щоб стимулювати розвиток торгівлі і промисловості. А.: Були й інші важливі фактори, які сприяли цьому — це щедре постачання сировини, такої як вугілля і залізна руда, внаслідок чого Великобританія зайняла ведуче місце щодо індустріалізації країни над рештою країн світу і приступила використовувати своє положення в своїх інтересах. В.: Я повністю з тобою згоден. Але я знаю, що це лідерство не потрималось довго. На початку 20-го сторіччя воно було перехоплене Сполученими Штатами і Німеччиною. Великобританія втратила своє минуле положення ведучої індустріальної держави світу. А.: Так, так, безперечно. Будучи піонером Індустріальної Революції, «світовою майстернею», Британія сьогодні на п'ятому місці щодо розміру валового національного продукту серед найбільш розвинених країн світу. Dialogue D Complete the open dialogue: A.: You know, I am going to take part in a question and answer session about Chief Industries of the United Kingdom to be arranged next week. B.: Oh, I can give you some background information on the topic be
... in recent years. As before, four-fifths of industrial and agricultural production is concentrated in ... . A.: And what about the rate and level of the development of industry
B.: Oh, they are obviously ... than in .... In the postwar years this gap between ... and the has .... A.: Was that because of the ... of the traditional industries such as ... ... , , and...? B.: You are quite right. They are traditionally concentrated in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. A.: Thank you very much. Now I am well-equipped for the session.
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