To Word is Human
The problems for discussion
1. The traditional grammatical classes of words – parts of speech. Why is this term conventional?
2. The criteria on the basis of which parts of speech are discriminated in modern linguistics. The merits and drawbacks.
3. The syntactico-distributional classification of words, its comparison with the traditional part of speech division.
4. The problem of notional and formal words.
5. The determining words of half-notional semantics.
6. The prepositions, conjunctions, particles, modals, interjections and words not included in the classification.
Key terms: part of speech, classes of words (subclasses, supra-classes), semantic features (categorial meaning), formal features, functional features, homogeneous (monodifferential) classification, heterogeneous (polydifferential) classification, syntactico-distributional classification, notional parts of speech, functional parts of speech, substitutional part of speech, openness/closedness of word classes.
I. Think about how context alters the function and meaning of the words in each pair. Consider how in English form is not equal to function.
I. a) I practice my talk every morning.
b) I talk every morning before the practice.
II c)I present many speeches.
d)I gave her a nice present.
e)The students are all present.
II. State what part of speech the words in bold type belong to.
1. "She is worried... about your cousin Ugremont." — "Well, of course," I tut-tutted sympathetically. (Wodehouse). 2. "I don't suppose it was more than a couple of ticks later before she was thanking me brokenly and I was not-at-all-ing." (Wodehouse). 3. What a face for wrappers' Sort of Mona Lisa-ish! (Galsworthy). 4. Already the men had shouldered their staves and were making for the place. (Mansfield). 5. "Let him stop Dulcing me all day long. Dulce this, Dulce that, where's Dulce?.. I'll Dulce out of here one of the days." (Bates) 6. "I just housekeep for him," she said. (Bates). 7. I thought of Phuong, who would be haggling over the price of fish in the third street... before going for her elevenses to the milk-bar. (Greene). 8. Dear Frank. I think I had shocked him. What a Frankish expression, too, "above board"! (Du Maurier). 9. She would finger the volumes a little suspiciously. (Du Maurier). 10. Poor wretch... He did not know what he was talking about. He had a child's mentality too, regarding likes and dislikes. (Du Maurier). 11. The Grand Babylon... stood an easy first among the hotels of Europe... (Bennett). 12. "No, no," said Racksole quickly. "I don't want any I'm afraid's. This is business". (Bennett). 13. His complexion is too dark for yellows. Yellows won't suit him. (Jerome). 14. "What on earth are you doing in Hollywood?" — I came to see you" — "You did." — "Yes" — "Pretty cousinly." (Wodehouse). 15. "What's for afters, Margaret?" ...the girl said that there were gooseberries... He detected... that south-country... expression ... by which afters signified dessert. (Bates).
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