Глава 7. Колледжи и университеты
1. Department of Education, “For Public Feedback: A College Ratings Framework” (December,
2014), http://www2.ed.gov/documents/college-affordability/college-ratings-fact-sheet.pdf.
2. https://www.luminafoundation.org/files/publications/
stronger_nation/2016/A_Stronger_Nation-2016-National.pdf.
3. Wolf, Does Education Matter?
4. Wolf, Does Education Matter?; Jaison R. Abel, Richard Deitz, and Yaquin Su, “Are
Recent College Graduates Finding Good
Jobs?” Federal Reserve Bank of New York: CurrentIssues in Economics and Finance 20, no. 1
(2014); Paul Beaudry, David A. Green, Benjamin M. Sand, “The Great Reversal in the Demand for
Skill and Cognitive Tasks,” NBER Working Paper 18901, March 2013.
5. См, например: Katherine Mangan, “High-School Diploma Options Multiply, but May
Not Set Up Students for College Success”, Chronicle of Higher Education, October 19, 2015.
6. Scott Jaschik, “ACT Scores Drop as More Take Test”, Inside Higher Education, August
24, 2016; and “ACT Scores Down for 2016 U. S. Grad Class Due to Increased Percentage of
Students
Tested”, http://www.act.org/content/act/en/newsroom/act-scores-down-for-2016-us-grad-class-due-t
o-increased-percentage-of-students-tested.html.
105
7. William G. Bowen and Michael S.
McPherson, Lesson Plan: An Agenda for Change inAmerican Higher Education (Princeton, 2016),
p. 30.
8. См., например: Tucker, “Bully U”, p. 104.
9. Valen E. Johnson, Grade Inflation: A Crisis in College Education (New York, 2003).
10. John Bound, Michael F. Lovenheim, and Sarah Turner, “Increasing Time to Baccalaureate
Degree in the United States”, NBER Working Paper 15892, April 2010, p. 13; and Sarah E. Turner,
“Going to College and Finishing College. Explaining Different Educational Outcomes”, in Caroline
M. Hoxby
(ed.) College Choices: The Economics of Whereto Go, When to Go, and How to Pay for It (Chicago
, 2004), pp. 13–62, http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10097.
11. Arnold Kling and John Merrifield, “Goldin and Katz and Education Policy
Failings”, Econ Journal Watch 6, no. 1 (January 2009), pp. 2–20, esp. p. 14.
12. Wolf, Does Education Matter? chap. 7.
13. Lorelle L. Espinosa, Jennifer R. Crandall, and Malika
Tukibayeva, Rankings, Institutional Behavior, and College and University Choice (Washington,
D.C., American Council on Education, 2014), p. 12.
14. Wolf, Does Education Matter? chap. 7; см. также Daron Acemoglu and David Autor,
“What Does Human Capital Do?” Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 2 (2012), pp. 426–63.
15. Wolf, Does Education Matter? chaps. 2 и 6. Paul Beaudry, David A. Green, and Benjamin
M. Sand, “The Great Reversal in the Demand for Skill and Cognitive Tasks”, NBER Working
Paper 18901, March 2013.
16. Stuart Eizenstat and Robert Lerman, “Apprenticeships Could Help U. S. Workers Gain a
Competitive Edge” (Washington, D.C., Urban Institute, May 2013); Mark P. Mills, “Are Skilled
Trades Doomed to Decline?” Manhattan Institute, New York,
2016, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/sites/default/files/IB-MM-1016.pdf.
17. Thomas Hale and Gonzalo Viña, “University Challenge: The Race for Money, Students
and Status”, Financial Times, June 23,
2016; https://www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/United%20Kingdom-EAG2014-Country-Note.pdf.
Стефан Коллини оценивает долю принятых в высшие учебные заведения в 2012 г. в 45%.
18. Краткую историю см.: Stefan Collini, What Are Universities For? chap. 2.
19. Wolf, Does Education Matter? chap. 7.
20. Shore, “Audit Culture and Illiberal Governance”, pp. 289–90. См. также: James Wilsdon
et
al., The Metric Tide: Report of the Independent Review of the Role of Metrics inResearch Assessme
nt and Management (July 2015).
21. Stephen Prickett, Introduction to Education! Education! Education!
22. Charlton, “Audit, Accountability, Quality and All That”, p. 23.
23. http://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accreditation_pg6.html.
24. Peter Augustine Lawler, “Truly Higher Education”, National Affairs (Spring 2015), pp.
114–30, esp. pp. 120–21.
25. Charlton, “Audit, Accountability, Quality and All That”, p. 22; and Lorenz, “If You’re So
Smart”, p. 609.
26. Benjamin
Ginsberg, The Fall of the Faculty: The Rise of the All AdministrativeUniversity (Baltimore, 2013).
27. Craig Totterow and James Evans, “Reconciling the Small Effect of Rankings on University
Performance with the Transformational Cost of Conformity” in Elizabeth Popp Berman and
Catherine Paradeise (eds.), The University under Pressure, Research in the Sociology of
Organizations, vol. 4 (Bingley, England, 2016), pp. 265–301, and Tucker, “Bully U”, p. 114.
28. Wendy Nelson Espeland and Michael Sauder, “Rankings and Reactivity: How Public
Measures Re-create Social Worlds”, American Journal of Sociology 113, no. 1 (July 2007), pp.
1–40, esp. p. 11.
106
29. Ibid., p. 25.
30. Ibid., p. 26.
31. Ibid., pp. 30–31. Дополнительную информацию о том, как некоторые школы права
манипулируют статистикой, см.: Alex Wellen, “The $8.78 Million Maneuver”, NewYork Times,
July 31, 2005. Информацию о том, как университеты пытаются занять более высокие места в
рейтинге, см.: Wendy Nelson Espeland and Michael Sauder, “The Dynamism of Indicators”, in
Davis et al. (eds.) Governance by Indicators, pp. 103–5.
32. См., например: Doug Lederman, “‘Manipulating’, Er, Influencing ‘U.S.
News’”, InsideHigher Ed, June 3, 2009.
33. Totterow and Evans, “Reconciling the Small Effect of Rankings on University
Performance with the Transformational Cost of Conformity”.
34. О раннем этапе истории этого см.: Collini, What Are Universities For? chap. 6,
“Bibliometry”.
35. Prickett, Introduction to Education! Education! Education! p. 7.
36. Peter Weingart, “Impact of Bibliometrics upon the Science System: Inadvertent
Consequences”, Scientometrics 62, no. 1 (2005), pp. 117–31, esp. p. 126.
37. Ibid., p. 127; см. также: Christian Fleck, “Impact Factor
Fetishism”, European Journalof Sociology 54, no. 2 (2013), pp. 327–56. О трудностях сравнения
эффективности исследовательской деятельности в разных отраслях знания см.: Dorothea
Jansen et al., “Drittmittel als Performanzindikator der wissenschaftlichen Forschung: Zum Einfluss
von Rahmenbedingungen auf
Forschungsleistung”, Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie undSozialpsychologie 59, no 1 (2007), pp.
125–49.
38. По этим вопросам см.: Weingart, “Impact of Bibliometrics upon the Science System”, и
Michael Power, “Research Evaluation in the Audit Society”, in Hildegard Matthies and Dagmar
Simon (eds.), Wissenschaft unter Beobachtung: Effekte und Defekte vonEvaluationen (Wiesbaden,
2008), pp. 15–24.
39. Carl T. Bergstrom, “Use Ranking to Help Search”, Nature 465, no. 17 (June 2010), p. 870.
40. Espeland and Sauder, “Rankings and Reactivity”, p. 15. См. также
Münch, GlobaleEliten, lokale Autoritäten.
41. Espinosa, Crandall, and
Tukibayeva, Rankings, Institutional Behavior, and Collegeand University Choice; Douglas Belkin,
“Obama Spells Out College-Ranking Framework”, Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2014; Jack
Stripling, “Obama’s Legacy: An Unlikely Hawk on Higher Ed”, Chronicle of Higher Education,
September 30, 2016.
42. Jonathan Rothwell, “Understanding the College Scorecard”, paper, Brookings Institution,
September 28, 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/understanding-the-college-scorecard/;
Beckie Supiano, “Early Evidence Shows College Scorecard Matters, but Only to
Some”, Chronicle of Higher Education, May 27, 2016.
43. См.: Lauren A. Rivera, Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs (Princeton, 2015); and
Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Laura T.
Hamilton, Paying for the Party: How CollegeMaintains Inequality (Cambridge, Mass., 2013).
44. Rothwell, “Understanding the College Scorecard”.
45. Jeffrey Steedle, “On the Foundations of Standardized Assessment of College Outcomes
and Estimating Value Added”, in K. Carey and M. Schneider
(eds.), Accountabilityin Higher Education (New York, 2010), p. 8.
46. См. в числе многих других критических замечаний: Nicholas Tampio, “College
Ratings and the Idea of the Liberal Arts”, JSTOR Daily, July 8,
2015, http://daily.jstor.org/college-ratings-idea-liberal-arts/, и James B. Stewart, “College Rankings
Fail to Measure the Influence of the Institution”, New York Times, October 2, 2015.
47. Robert Grant, “Education, Utility and the Universities” in Prickett and Erskine-Hill
(eds.), Education! Education! Education! p. 52.
107
48. См.: Rivera, Pedigree, p. 78 и далее.
49. Espinosa, Crandall, and
Tukibayeva, Rankings, Institutional Behavior, and Collegeand University Choice, p. 9.
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