Программа дисциплины для преподавателя (Syllabus). Содержание дисциплины. Распределение часов по видам занятий Требования к курсу. Критерии и система оценивания знаний студентов

Introduction to modals

Main points

• 
  Modals are always the first word in a verb group.
  
• 
  All modals except for ‘ought’ are followed by the base form of a verb.
  
• 
  ‘Ought’ is followed by a ‘to’-infinitive.
  
• 
  Modals have only one form.
  

1. 
   Modals are always the first word in a verb group. All modals except for'ought'are followed by the base form of a verb.
   

2. 
   ‘Ought’ is always followed by a ‘to’-infinitive.
   

3. 
   Modals have only one form, There is no ‘-s’ form for the third person singular of the present tense, and there are no ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’ forms.
   

4. 
   Modals do not normally indicate the time when something happens. There are, however, a few exceptions.
   

‘Could’ is used as the past form of ‘can’ to express ability. ‘Would’ is used as the past form of ‘will’ to express the future.

5. 
   In spoken English and informal written English, ‘shall’ and ‘will’ are shortened to ‘-’ll’ and ‘would’ to ‘-’d’, and added to a pronoun.
   

‘Shall’, ‘will’, and ‘would’ are never shortened if they come at the end of a sentence.

In spoken English, you can also add ‘-’ll’ and ‘-’d’ to nouns.

1. 
   Your have to complete a sentence with could, was / were able to or couldn’t.
   

1. 
   He had hurt his leg, so he __________ walk very well.
   
2. 
   She wasn’t at home when I phone but I __________ contact her at her office.
   
3. 
   I look very carefully and I __________ see a figure in the distance.
   
4. 
   They didn’t have any tomatoes in the first shop I went to, but I __________ get some in the next shop.
   
5. 
   My grandmother loved music. She __________ play the piano very well.
   
6. 
   The boy fell into the river but fortunately we __________ rescue him.
   

2. 
   In this exercise you have to write sentences with could or could have.
   

1. 
   He didn’t want to help us. But he
   
2. 
   He doesn’t want to help us. But
   
3. 
   They don’t want to lend us any money. But
   
4. 
   She didn’t want to have anything to eat.
   

3. 
   You have read a situation and write a sentence with must have or can’t have. Use the words in brackets.
   

I must have been asleep.

1. 
   That dress you bought is very good quality. (It must / be / very expensive)
   
2. 
   I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (He must / go / away)
   
3. 
   I wonder where my umbrella is. (You must / leave / it on the train)
   
4. 
   Don passed the examination. He didn’t study very much for it. (The exam can’t / be / very difficult)
   
5. 
   She knew everything about our plans. (She must / listen / to our conversation)
   
6. 
   Denis did the opposite of what I asked him to do. (He can’t / understand / what I said)
   
7. 
   When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I must / forget / to turn it off)
   
8. 
   I don’t understand how the accident happened. (The driver can’t / see / the red light)
   

4. 
   Rewrite these sentences using the modals given.
   

He may have fallen.

1. 
   Perhaps they saw us. (could have) (might have)
   
2. 
   Perhaps he said that. I don’t remember. (might have) (could have)
   
3. 
   We’re lost. I think we’ve taken the wrong road. (must have)
   
4. 
   I wish you had seen it. It was wonderful. (should have)
   
5. 
   I ought to have known that would happen. (should have)
   
6. 
   Perhaps when I am fifty I won’t remember it. (will have forgotten)
   
7. 
   It was possible for me to prevent that, but I didn’t. (could have)
   
8. 
   You should have listened to her the first time. (ought to have)
   

5. 
   Make suitable sentences from the table below using can.
   

6. 
   Complete these sentences using can, can’t, could or couldn’t.
   

1. 
   I’m sorry, you’re in my light. I __________ see what I’m doing.
   
2. 
   It was a huge hall and we were at the back, so we __________ hear very well.
   
3. 
   When she screams, you __________ hear her all over the house.
   
4. 
   She was phoning all the way from Singapore, but I __________ hear her very clearly.
   
5. 
   __________ you hear me at the back?
   
6. 
   Put your hands up if you __________ hear me.
   

7. 
   Rewrite these suggestions starting with the words given.
   

1. 
   We should get started as soon as possible. / It might be a good idea
   
2. 
   You could write and ask her yourself. / You might like to
   
3. 
   Why don’t we take a winter holiday for a change? / What about
   
4. 
   Couldn’t you just play at the end of the month? / You could
   
5. 
   We could take a week off in July. / Let’s
   
6. 
   You could ask Bill to help. / What
   
7. 
   Why don’t you ring and tell them you’re coming? / You
   
8. 
   We could borrow the equipment from Peter. / Couldn’t
   
9. 
   Why don’t we keep quiet about that? / It might
   

8. 
   Add comments to these sentences using I wish.
   

1. 
   He always complains about everything. /
   
2. 
   He never invites us round. /
   
3. 
   We can’t go on holiday this year. /
   
4. 
   She won’t listen to anything you say. /
   
5. 
   They can’t help out I’m afraid. /
   
6. 
   She never comes home at weekends. /
   

9. 
   Fill each gap with a correct modal verb.
   

1. 
   I really think you __________ see a doctor.
   
2. 
   Oh, look! Mr. Thomson __________ be here: there’s his car.
   
3. 
   Why did you carry that heavy box? You __________ hurt yourself!
   
4. 
   - Where are my keys?
   
5. 
   I suppose I __________ them in the car.
   
6. 
   She had to wait 5 minutes for traffic to stop, but in the end __________ to cross the road.
   
7. 
   I took my umbrella, but it didn’t rain, so I __________ taken it.
   
8. 
   Everyone understood. The teacher __________ to explain it again.
   
9. 
   He had an accident in his car. He __________ where he was going.
   
10. 
    - Did she do the exercise?
    
11. 
    No, she said she __________ understand it.
    
12. 
    He is very rich. He __________ work for a living.
    
13. 
    - Did you go to the concert?
    
14. 
    No. We __________ have gone but decided not to.
    
15. 
    - Did they find your house?
    
16. 
    Yes, it took them a long time but they __________ to find it.
    
17. 
    - Do you want me to wait for you?
    
18. 
    No, it’s okay. You __________ wait.
    
19. 
    His test is the best in class. He __________ (study) last night.
    

The gerund

1. after prepositions.

Examples of prepositions frequently followed by the gerund are:

2. after certain verbs.

Some of the most common verbs which are followed by the gerund are:

3. as the subject or object of a sentence.

4. after certain idiomatic expressions.

Other idiomatic expressions are:

5. after certain verbs which are followed by the preposition to.

The infinitive

1. after certain verbs.

Some of the most common verbs that are followed by the infinitive are:

You should consult a good dictionary, for example the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, to see which structures are possible after a particular verb.

2. after certain verbs followed by an object.

Some of the most common verbs that are normally used with an object and an infinitive are:

3. after certain verbs which sometimes take an object and sometimes don’t.

NEVER I want that you . . .

Other common verbs are:

4. after certain adjectives.

5. after make and let.

6. to express purpose.

7. after certain verbs followed by question words, e.g. what, where, who.

After these verbs and others with similar meanings, it is possible to use how, what, where, when, whether etc.

Forms of the infinitive

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