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| DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that (singular) — these, those (plural); such, (the) same (singular, plural). The pronouns this (these) and that (those) are the only words in Modern English that agree in number with the nouns they attribute: this (that) book — these (those) books. The meanings expressed by these pronouns have much in common with those of articles. Historically, the definite article has developed from the pronoun "that"; therefore the definite article as well as the pronoun (the) same is used to express identity. The pronoun such is semantically close to the indefinite article (of this kind). The demonstrative pronouns may be used as both noun and adjective-pronouns. This (these) is usually used when the speaker has in mind something or somebody that is close by in space or time; that (those) is used for what is farther off or what refers to the past. This is my brother. This is a small world. These are places I used to come to. The old man cast a glance this way and that before he answered. Those were the happiest days of my life. N о t e 1. This may be used with the nouns country, government, month, year, denoting the country (or the government), where the speaker is at the moment, or the month and the year at the moment of speech. Respectively these word-groups should be understood as England (USA), or January, etc. This country referred to by the native means "our country". . Who is running this country? This country is going to the dogs. I'm leaving for Japan this month. This year is a Presidential election one. N o t e 2. That may be used as a substitute of a previously mentioned noun, noun word-group or, sometimes, a clause. In this case that is followed by an of-phrase or a clause. Her sleep was like that of a child. A direct object is that upon which the action is performed. N о t e 3. This and that may be emphasized by the pronoun all. Sorry to bother you with all this, but I had to say it.. The pronouns such and (the) same are used to indicate objects or qualities by comparison with those pointed at by the speaker. The pronoun same is always used with the definite article expressing identity. I was no longer the same. They were staying at the same hotel. The pronoun such means "of this kind" (такой, такого рода); it may be followed by the indefinite article. Such a criticism is unfounded. I've got such nice people coming. жүктеу/скачать 341.5 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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