Глава 9. Здравоохранение
1. Sean P. Keehan et al., “National Health Expenditure Projections, 2015–2025: Economy, Prices,
and Aging Expected to Shape Spending and Enrollment”, Health Affairs 35, no. 8 (August 2016),
pp. 1–10; Atul Gawande, “The Checklist”, New Yorker, December 10, 2007.
2. World Health Report 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance, in Scott
Atlas, In Excellent Health: Setting the Record Straight on America’s Health Care (Stanford, Calif.,
2011).
3. Atlas. In Excellent Health.
4. Ibid., pp. 28–30, 99–105.
5. Ibid., p. 84; and David M. Cutler, Adriana Lleras-Muney, and Tom Vogl, “Socioeconomic
Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms,” in Sherry Glied and Peter C. Smith
(eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Health Economics (New York, 2011), pp. 124–63, esp. 147–53.
6. Atlas, In Excellent Health, p. 156.
7. Michael E. Porter and Thomas H. Lee, “The Strategy That Will Fix Health
Care”, Harvard Business Review (October 2013), pp. 50–70, esp. 56.
8. Обсуждение программ Geisinger основано на работе: Douglas McCarthy, Kimberly
Mueller, and Jennifer
Wrenn, Geisinger Health System: Achieving the Potential ofIntegration through Innovation, Leader
ship, Measurement, and Incentives (Commonweatlh Fund Case Study, June 2009), и статье
бывшего генерального директора этой организации Гленна Стила, см.: Glenn D. Steele, Jr., “A
Proven New Model for Reimbursing Physicians”, Harvard Business Review (September 15, 2015).
9. Peter J. Pronovost et al., “Sustaining Reductions in Central Line-Associated Bloodstream
Infections in Michigan Intensive Care Units: A 10-Year
Analysis”, AmericanJournal of Medical Quality 31, no. 3 (2016), pp. 197–202.
10. Chinitz and Rodwin, “What Passes and Fails as Health Policy and Management”, p. 1117.
11. См., например: Patrick Conway, Farzad Mostashari, and Carolyn Clancy, “The Future of
Quality Measurement for Improvement and
Accountability”, JAMA [Journal of theAmerican Medical Association] 309, no. 21 (June 5, 2013),
pp. 2215–16; James F. Burgess and Andrew Street, “Measuring Organizational Performance”, in
Sherry Glied and Peter C. Smith (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Health Economics (New York,
2011), pp. 688–706, esp. p. 701; David M. Shahian et al., “Rating the Raters: The Inconsistent
Quality of Health Care Performance Measurement”, Annals of Surgery 264, no. 1 (July 2016), pp.
36–38; J. Matthew Austin, Elizabeth McGlynn, and Peter J. Pronovost, “Fostering Transparency in
Outcomes, Quality, Safety, and Costs”, JAMA 316, no. 16 (October 25, 2016), pp. 1661–62.
12. О склонности требовать улучшения показателей см.: Chinitz and Rodwin, “What
Passes and Fails as Health Policy and Management”, p. 1120.
13. Jason H. Wasfy et al., “Public Reporting in Cardiovascular Medicine: Accountability,
Unintended Consequences, and Promise for Improvement”, Circulation 131, no. 17 (April 28,
2015), pp. 1518–27.
14. Chinitz and Rodwin, “What Passes and Fails as Health Policy and Management”, p. 1118.
15. N. A. Ketallar et al., “Public Release of Performance Data in Changing the Behaviour of
Healthcare Consumers, Professionals or Organisations”, Cochrane Database SystemReview, Nov. 9,
2011.
16. Gary Y. Young, Howard Beckman, and Errol Baker, “Financial Incentives, Professional
Values and Performance”, Journal of Organizational Behavior 33 (2012), pp. 964–983.
110
17. Elaine M. Burns, Chris Pettengell, Thanos Athanasious, and Ara Darzi, “Understanding the
Strengths and Weaknesses of Public Reporting of Surgeon-Specific Outcomes”, Health Affairs 35,
no. 3 (March 2016), pp. 415–21, esp. p. 416.
18. D. Blumenthal, E. Malphrus, and J. M. McGinnis
(eds.), Vital Signs: Core Metrics forHealth and Health Care Progress (Washington, 2015), p. 90.
Об использовании «звездных рейтингов» Государственной службой здравоохранения в
Англии см.: Bevan and Hood “What’s Measured Is What Matters”.
19. Chinitz and Rodwin, “What Passes and Fails as Health Policy and Management”, pp.
1114–19.
20. Karen E. Joynt et al., “Public Reporting of Mortality Rates for Hospitalized Medicare
Patients and Trends in Mortality for Reported Conditions”, Annals of InternalMedicine, published
online May 31, 2016.
21. M. W. Friedberg et al., “A Methodological Critique of the ProPublica Surgeon Scorecard”
(Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.,
2015), http://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE170.html, и David M. Shahian et al., “Rating the
Raters: The Inconsistent Quality of Health Care Performance Measurement”, Annals ofSurgery 264,
no. 1 (July 2016), pp. 36–38.
22. Cheryl L. Damberg et
al., Measuring Success in Health Care Value-Based PurchasingPrograms: Summary and Recomme
ndations (Rand Corporation, 2014), p. 18. Rachel M. Werner et al., “The Effect of
Pay-for-Performance in Hospitals: Lessons for Quality Improvement”, Health Affairs 30, no. 4
(April 2011), pp. 690–98. Сходное и самое недавнее упоминание об этом см.: Aaron Mendelson
et al., “The Effects of Pay-for-Performance Programs on Health, Health Care Use, and Processes of
Care: A Systematic Review”, Annalsof Internal Medicine 165, no. 5 (March 7, 2017), pp. 341–53.
23. Patricia Ingraham, “Of Pigs in Pokes and Policy Diffusion: Another Look at Pay for
Performance”, Public Administration Review 53 (1993), pp. 348–56; Christopher Hood and Guy
Peters, “The Middle Aging of New Public Management: Into the Age of
Paradox?” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14, no. 3 (2004), pp. 267–82;
Chinitz and Rodwin, “What Passes and Fails as Health Policy and Management”, pp. 1113–26.
24. Martin Roland and Stephen Campbell, “Successes and Failures of Pay for Performance in
the United Kingdom”, New England Journal of Medicine 370 (May 15, 2014), pp. 1944–49. Слова
«лечение симптомов, а не болезни» взяты из: Chinitz and Rodwin, “What Passes and Fails as
Health Policy and Management”, p. 1115.
25. Burns et al., “Understanding the Strengths and Weaknesses of Public Reporting of
Surgeon-Specific Outcomes”, p. 418; and Wasfy et al., “Public Reporting in Cardiovascular
Medicine”; and K. E. Joynt et al., “Association of Public Reporting for Percutaneous Coronary
Intervention with Utilization and Outcomes among Medicare Beneficiaries with Acute Myocardial
Infarction”, JAMA 308, no. 14 (2012), pp. 1460–68; Joel M. Kupfer, “The Morality of Using
Mortality as a Financial Incentive: Unintended Consequences and Implications for Acute Hospital
Care”, JAMA 309, no. 21 (June 3, 2013), pp. 2213–14.
26. Richard Lilford and Peter Pronovost, “Using Hospital Mortality Rates to Judge Hospital
Performance: A Bad Idea that Just Won’t Go Away”, British Medical Journal (April 10, 2010).
27. Ibid.
28. D. Blumenthal, E. Malphrus, and J. M. McGinnis
(eds.), Vital Signs: Core Metrics forHealth and Health Care Progress (Washington, D.C., 2015).
29. Ibid., pp. 90–91.
30. Robert Pear, “Shaping Health Policy for Millions, and Still Treating Some on the
Side,” New York Times, March 29, 2016.
31. Donald M. Berwick, “The Toxicity of Pay for
Performance”, Quality Management inHealth Care 4, no. 1 (1995), pp. 27–33.
111
32. Wasfy et al., “Public Reporting in Cardiovascular Medicine”; Claire Noel-Mill and Keith
Lind, “Is Observation Status Substituting for Hospital Readmission?” Health AffairsBlog, October
28, 2015; as well as https://www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare/Data/30-day-measures.html.
33. David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhandler, “Quality Improvement: ‘Become Good at
Cheating and You Never Need to Become Good at Anything Else’”, Health Affairs Blog, August
27, 2015.
34. Sabriya Rice, “Medicare Readmission Penalties Create Quality Metrics
Stress”, Modern Healthcare, August 8, 2015.
35. Shannon Muchmore, “Bill Targets Socio-economic Factors in Hospital
Readmissions”, Modern Healthcare, May 19, 2016.
36. См., например: Michael L. Barnett, John Hsu, and Michael J. McWilliams, “Patient
Characteristics and Differences in Hospital Readmission Rates”, JAMA Internal Medicine175, no.
11 (November 2015), pp. 1803–12; and Shannon Muchmore, “Readmissions May Say More about
Patients than Care”, Modern Healthcare (September 14, 2015).
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