Тишакова Татьяна Станиславовна канд хим н., ассистент; Левашова Ольга Леонидовна канд фарм н., ассистент; Савельева Елена Валерьевна ассистент. В сборнике представлены тезисы
TIGERS EYE Abhishek Navratna, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana Kozub
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- CHRYSOCOLLA Buvanahalli Siddegowda Chaya, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana Kozub
- ORTHROCLASE Pradeep kaur, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana Kozub
- HORNBLENDE Mandeep Singh, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana Kozub
- QUARTZ Merrylin Sathya, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana Kozub
- CELESTINE Biyangidiki Matondo, group 29. Scientific adviser is Tatyana Tishakova
- CHROMITE Amoako Daniel Ansong, group 29. Scientific adviser is Tatyana Tishakova
- BARREL COPPER Muletwa Advocate, group 29. Scientific adviser is Tatyana Tishakova
- SCHORL Ohenewaa Agyarko-Mintah, group 29. Scientific adviser is Tatyana Tishakova
- AMAZONITE Torto Michael Jehoshaphat Nii Annan, group 29. Scientific adviser is Tatyana Tishakova
- ADENIUM (DESERT ROSE) Umantah Amakiri, group 29. Scientific adviser is Tatyana Tishakova
TIGERS EYEAbhishek Navratna, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana KozubTiger's eye (also called Tigers eye or Tiger eye) is a chatoyant gemstone that is usually a metamorphic rock that is a golden to red-brown color, with a silky luster. A member of the quartz group, it is a classic example of pseudomorphous replacement by silica of fibrous crocidolite (blue asbestos). The gems are usually cut en cabochon in order to best display their chatoyancy. Red stones are brought about through gentle heat treatment. Dark stones have had their colors improved and been artificially lightened using nitric acid treatments. Honey-colored stones have been used to imitate the much higher valued cat's eyechrysoberyl (cymophane), but the overall effect is unconvincing. Artificial fiberoptic glass is a common imitation of tiger's eye, and is produced in a wide range of colors. Tiger's Eye mostly comes from South Africa and East Asia An incompletely silicified blue variant is called Hawk's eye. Arizona and California have serpentine deposits in which are occasionally found chatoyant bands of chrysotile fibers. These have been cut and sold as "Arizona tiger-eye" and "California tiger's eye" gemstones. Dark blue-gray fibrous varieties of tiger's eye and hawk's eye is sold under the trade name of Pietersite. CHRYSOCOLLABuvanahalli Siddegowda Chaya, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana KozubThe name comes from the Greek chrysos, "gold", and kolla, "glue", in allusion to the name of the material used to solder gold, and was first used by Theophrastus in 315 BCE. Chrysocolla is a hydrated copper cyclosilicate mineral with formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4•nH2O or (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4•nH2O. The structure of the mineral has been questioned as spectrographic studies suggest material identified as chrysocolla may be a mixture of the copper hydro-xide spertiniite and chalcedony. It is of secondary origin and forms in the oxidation zones of copper ore bodies. Associated minerals are quartz, limonite, azurite, malachite, cuprite, and other secondary copper minerals. It is typically found as botryoidal or rounded masses and crusts, or vein fillings. Because of its light color, it is sometimes confused with turquoise. Notable occurrences include Bacan Island Indonesia, Israel, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chile, Cornwall in England, and Arizona, Utah, Idaho, New Mexico, Michigan, and Pennsylvania in the United States.
Orthoclase is a common constituent of most granites and other felsic igneous rocks and often forms huge crystals and masses inpegmatite. Typically, the pure potassium endmember of orthoclase forms a solid solution with albite, the sodium endmember (NaAlSi3O8), ofplagioclase. While slowly cooling within the earth, sodium-rich albite lamellae form by exsolution, enriching the remaining orthoclase with potassium. The resulting intergrowth of the two feldspars is called perthite. The higher-temperature polymorph of orthoclase is sanidine. Sanidine is common in rapidly cooled volcanic rocks such as obsidian and felsic pyroclastic rocks, and is notably found intrachytes of the Drachenfels, Germany. The lower-temperature polymorph of orthoclase ismicrocline. Adularia is found in low temperature hydrothermal deposits, in the Adula Alps ofSwitzerland. The largest documented single crystal of orthoclase was found in Ural mountains, Russia. It measured ~10×10×0.4 m and weighed ~100 tons Together with the other potassium feldspars orthoclase is a common raw material for the manufacture of some glasses, some ceramics, such as porcelain, and as a constituent of scouring powder. Some intergrowths of orthoclase and albite have an attractive pale luster and are called moonstone when used in jewellery. Most moonstones are translucent and white, although grey and peach-coloured varieties also occur. In gemology, their luster is calledadularescence and is typically described as creamy or silvery white with a "billowy" quality. It is the state gem of Florida. HORNBLENDEMandeep Singh, group 26. Scientific adviser is Svetlana KozubHornblende is a complex inosilicate series of minerals (ferrohornblende – magnesiohornblende) [3]. It is not a recognized mineral in its own right, but the name is used as a general or field term, to refer to a dark amphibole. The general formula can be given as (Ca,Na)2–3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH,F)2. Hornblende is an isomorphous mixture of three molecules; a calcium-iron-magnesium silicate, an aluminium-iron-magnesium silicate, and an iron-magnesium silicate Hornblende is a common constituent of many igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, basalt, andesite, gneiss, and schist. It is the principal mineral of amphibolites. Very dark brown to black hornblendes that contain titanium are ordinarily called basaltic hornblende, from the fact that they are usually a constituent of basalt and related rocks. Hornblende alters easily to chlorite and epidote. A rare variety of hornblende contains less than 5% of iron oxide, is gray to white in color, and named edenite, from its locality in Edenville, Orange County, New York. Other minerals in the hornblende series include: • pargasite • hastingsite • tschermakite Etymology The word hornblende is derived from the German horn and blenden, to 'deceive' in allusion to its similarity in appearance to metal-bearing ore minerals.
There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones. Especially in Europe and the Middle East, varieties of quartz have been since antiquity the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings. The word "quartz" is derived from the German word "Quarz" and its Middle High German ancestor "twarc", which probably originated in Slavic (cf. Czech tvrdý ("hard"), Polish twardy ("hard")). Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often twinned, distorted, or sointergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear massive. Well-formed crystals typically form in a 'bed' that has unconstrained growth into a void; usually the crystals are attached at the other end to a matrix and only one termination pyramid is present. However doubly-terminated crystals do occur where they develop freely without attachment, for instance within gypsum. A quartz geode is such a situation where the void is approximately spherical in shape, lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward. α-quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, space group P3121 and P3221 respectively. β-quartz belongs to the hexagonal system, space group P6222 and P6422, respectively. These space groups are truly chiral (they each belong to the 11 enantiomorphous pairs). Both α-quartz and β-quartz are examples of chiral crystal structures composed of achiral building blocks (SiO4 tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation between α- and β-quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra with respect to one another, without change in the way they are linked. Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal (sometimes called clear quartz), is colorless and transparent (clear) or translucent, and has often been used for hardstone carvings, such as the Lothair Crystal. Common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others. Quartz goes by an array of different names. The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of macrocrystalline (individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline varieties (aggregates of crystals visible only under high magnification). The cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its monoclinic polymorph moganite. Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz, or mixed rocks including quartz, often including contrasting bands or patterns of color, are agate, sard, onyx, carnelian, heliotrope, and jasper. CELESTINEBiyangidiki Matondo, group 29. Scientific adviser is Tatyana TishakovaCelestine is an attractive mineral that forms in well shaped crystals with a distinctive soft blue color. It is a mineral consisting of strontium sulfate. Celestine is the principal source of the element strontium and is mostly used as an ornamental rock. Celestine occurs as a crystal, and also in compact massive and fibrous forms. It is mostly found in sedimentary rocks such as limestone. The mineral is found worldwide usually in small quantities IN countries like Poland, Spain, England, Libya, South Africa, México, Canada but abundantly found in Madagascar. It can also be found in skeletons of the protozoan Acantharea and in geodes. Celestine was named in 1799 by Abraham Gottlieb Werner because of its occasional delicate SKY blue color from the Latin term caelestisbut it wasdiscoveredin 1791 Celestine occurs as crystals, and also in compact massive and fibrous forms. It is mostly found in sedimentary rocks, often associated with the minerals gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. The mineral is found worldwide, usually in small quantities. Pale blue crystal specimens are found in Madagascar. The skeletons of the protozoanAcantharea are made of celestine, unlike those of other radiolarians which are made of silica. In carbonate marine sediments, burial dissolution is a recognised mechanism of celestine precipitation.
Physical Properties of Chromite: it is a dark grey to black in colour with a metallic to submetallic lustre and a high specific gravity. It occurs in basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks and in the metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that are produced when chromite-bearing rocks are altered by heat or weathering. Chemical Classification; oxide, colour-dark; grey to black, rarely brownish black, diaphaneity-Opaque, Specific Gravity-4.0 to 5.1 (variable), Chemical Composition-FeCr2O4 with magnesium substituting for iron. It is used industrially, for the production of metallic chromium, used as an alloying ingredient in stainless and tool steels. Chromium is a metal used to induce hardness, toughness and chemical resistance in steel. Thin coatings of chromium alloys are used as paintings on auto parts, appliances. It is also used to make superalloys that perform well in jet engines. Chromium is an important pigment in many types of paint, ink, dye and cosmetics. Trace amounts of chromium produce the colour in many minerals and gemstones. Medically, chromite is also used as a refractory material in the laboratory due to its high heat stability. It is also used in production of stainless steel which is used in the manufacture of clinical equipment like needles and scissors.
Copper was alloyed with tin to create bronze and is used to make chairs and table and copper is used as copper standard barrel connector. The medicinal uses of copper is first recorded found in the smith papyrus an Egyptian medical text, copper was used to sterilise chest wound and to sterelise drinking water. Copper compound were recommended for headache, trembling of the limbs .Copper is known to be an essential element in human metabolism however copper does not exist in the body in measurable amounr in ionic form. All measurable amounts of copper in the body exist in the tissues as a complex with the organic compounds of protein and enzymes, therefore, it has been concluded that copper becomes and remains intimately in the body process. Numerous studies have drawn attention to the the relationship between copper defieciency and heart diseases and it suggested that there would be merit in using copper complex in the treatment of cancer and in particular,treating patients undergoing ionizing radiation therapy for their cancer, accindental exponsure to radiation,and astronuts undertaking space travel. Copper has a direct effect on the control of cholesterol.it is believed that metabolic imbalance between zinc and copper is a major problem of coronary heart disease.
Schorl can be a major component of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Although it is not the only black mineral common to such rocks, it is the only one that will form crystals with a clear triangular cross-section. Long thin crystals of schorl are common as inclusions in quartz, forming the ornamental stone called "Tourmalinated Quartz". This stone is unique with its long needle to straw sized, arrow straight, prismatic crystals of pitch black schorl criss-crossing the clear colorless quartz. This attractive stone is used in semi-precious jewelry, carved figurines, obelisks, crystal balls, eggs and as a popular tumbled stone. Schorl is tourmaline's most widespread variety, found in granite pegmatites that have solidified slowly, together with a wide range of minerals, including beryl, zircon, quartz, and feldspar. It may be found as black radially clustered sprays called "tourmaline suns." Schorl also known as Tourmaline is a mineral with a hardness of 8 out of 10 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. These Trigonally structured gems are made of complex borosilicate, their full chemical compound being NaFe3Al6(BO3) 3Si6O18(OH)4. Schorl is the black, opaque, sodium iron rich variety of Tourmaline, a complex borosilicate with a trigonal crystal system. A well-known specimen is the Huge Tourmaline Crystal, a black tourmaline or schorl weighing 8 kilograms, from Overlook, New York, USA, found in 1942.The specific gravity for Schorl is 3.06, it's refractive index is 1.62–1.67, and it's double refraction is 0.018. Tourmalines usually occur as long, three-sided prisms, which often have well-terminated ends. Sometimes they are found as parallel or radiating groups of long, thin prisms with striated ridges lining its surface. Its varieties span the widest color ranges in the mineral world. There are tourmalines in all possible colors and tints and in every mixture of shades one can think of. Unlike the silicate rings in beryl, the unit rings in tourmaline are all oriented with the tetrahedral points in one direction, which gives it the polarity seen in the crystal form and in its electrical properties. The most famous deposits are in Sri Lanka, the Urals (Russia), Afghanistan, Burma, the USA (California, Maine, Connecticut), Brazil, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Namibia. Black tourmaline masses up to 7 x 10 cm, called colloform schorls, which formed in silica-rich rock without any melting taking place, such as in ore deposits in Azerbaijan. AMAZONITE Torto Michael Jehoshaphat Nii Annan, group 29.
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