Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов минск 2010 ббк утверждено на заседании

2. Read the following text.

3. Say why control is an important management function. How does it relate to the other management functions of planning, organising, and leading?

Control is an issue facing every manager in every organisation today. Control concerns are very extensive. Office productivity, the time needed to resupply merchandise in stores, the length of time that customers must wait in check-out lines, quality and suchlike are all about control.

The systematic process through which managers regulate organisational activities to make them consistent with expectations established in plans, targets, and standards of performance is called organisational control.

A well-designed control system consists of four key steps: a) establishing standards of performance, b) measuring actual performance, c) comparing performance to standards, and d) taking corrective action.

Control should be linked to strategic planning. Changes in the environment require that internal control systems adapt to strategic changes; control systems must not continue measuring what was important in the past.

The organisation exists around a production process, and control can focus on events before, during, or after this process. These three forms of control are called, respectively, feedforward, concurrent, and feedback.

Feedforward control focuses on human, material, and financial resources that flow into the organisation. Its purpose is to ensure that input quality is sufficiently high to prevent problems when the organisation performs its tasks.

Concurrent control monitors ongoing employee activities to ensure that they are consistent with quality standards. It relies on performance standards. Concurrent control is designed to ensure that employee work activities produce the correct results.

Feedback control focuses on the quality of the end product or service after the organisation’s task is completed.

Most organisations use all three types simultaneously but emphasize the form that most closely corresponds to their strategic objectives.

Finally, effective organisational control consists of several characteristics, including a link to strategy, use of all four control steps, acceptance by members, a balanced use of objective and subjective data, and the qualities of accuracy, flexibility, and timeliness.

A new approach to control being widely adopted in Canada and the United States is total quality management. It involves everyone in the organisation who is committed to the control function.

There are two main control approaches to quality. They are modern clan control and traditional bureaucratic control. Bureaucratic control is the use of rules, policies, hierarchy of authority, written documentation, reward systems, and other formal mechanisms to influence employee behaviour and assess performance. Clan control relies on social values, traditions, common beliefs, and trust to generate compliance with organisational goals.

The implementation of total quality management involves the use of many techniques. Four major techniques of total quality management are benchmarking, reduced cycle time, outsourcing, and continuous improvement.

Vocabulary Focus

4. a) Study the meaning of the following easily confused words.

control (n): the right to direct, regulate or determine as well as dominate (under control, out of control) or a means of regulation or restraint; curb; check (a frontier control).

authority (n): legitimate and recognised power (The mayor had the authority to dismiss the dishonest commissioner.)

power (n): based on rank, position, character, or other advantages (the absolute power of an emperor).

supervision (n): monitoring, oversight.

check (n): a control, esp. a rapid or informal one, designed to ensure accuracy, progress, etc. (status check) or a means or standard to ensure against fraud or error

b) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word from the list below.

1. 
   The best way to buy … and influence is to give … to politicians and then buy the politician.
   
2. 
   When a family business becomes large, it becomes more difficult to keep it under family … .
   
3. 
   We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in … .
   
4. 
   He has … to act on our behalf.
   
5. 
   He was a figurehead without real … .
   
6. 
   In cases of severe mental handicap, constant … is recommended.
   

words for reference: control, authority, power, supervision, check

5. Match words from each box to make word partnerships. Make sure you can translate them.

to regulate	control	quality	control
measuring	subjective	reward	actual
internal	standards	activities	systems
input	bureaucratic	data	performance
quality	organisational	systems

6. a) Match the following words with the correct definitions.

a) to resupply	1. a process of working out a detailed scheme, method, etc., for attaining a long-term objective
b) target	2. continually moving forward; developing
c) strategic planning	3. external conditions or surroundings, esp those in which people live or work
d) environment	4. to carry out; put into action; perform
e) input	5. an accepted or approved example of something against which others are judged or measured
f) ongoing	6. to provide (with something) again
g) standard	7. the state or quality of being suitable or opportune
h) timeliness	8. productive of or capable of producing a result
i) to implement	9. a resource required for industrial production, such as capital goods, labour services, raw materials, etc
j) effective	10. a fixed goal or objective

b) Use the words above to complete the sentences.

1. Final negotiations with the hotel to lock in rates are … and as soon as a firm rate is put into the contract, the hotel can start accepting reservations.

2. It's high time the police look some … action to clean up this town.

3. He is a high achiever with the unique ability to meet …, manage the business and take care of employees and customers.

4. The use of taskwork has previously been … in the programme for excavating activities.

5. Adaptability is a necessary quality in an ever-changing work … .

6. The time needed to … merchandise in stores is also a control concern.

7. … of the data is very important to organise a well-designed control system.

8. I will forever be grateful for his considerable … .

9. … of normal and abnormal behaviour differ from society to society and change as social conditions and customs change.

10. Decision makers can use budgeting for … …, implementation, and control.

7. a) Match the English and Russian equivalents.

a) office productivity	1 внесение исправлений, внесение изменений
b) organisational control	2 параллельный [текущий] контроль
c) corrective action	3 комплексное управление качеством
d) feedforward control	4 управление с обратной связью, контроль по результатам
e) concurrent control	5 эффективность работы учреждения
g) feedback control	6 подряд, привлечение внешних ресурсов (подрядчиков), внешнее производство (исполнение)
h) total quality management	7 перенятие опыта
i) clan control	8 упреждающий контроль
j) benchmarking	9 клановый контроль
k) outsourcing	10 организационный контроль

b) Work in pairs. Using these words make up the sentences of your own for your partner to translate.

8. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

1. For … controls to be effective, they should be tailored to the organisation’s needs.	ORGANISATION
2. Improvements in product … may include reduced product energy use.	PERFORM
3. The equipment was extremely sophisticated and was … from a central control panel.	MONITOR
4. We intend to be both the low-cost producer and the product … leader.	QUALITATIVE
5. Decision makers can use budgeting for … planning, implementation, and control.	STRATEGY
6. Equality of opportunity is a political ideal that is opposed to caste … .	HIERARCHICAL
7. The inspection team will visit some area offices to … the operating environment, delivery of service, office facilities offered to customers, accessibility, etc.	ASSESSMENT
8. Students' major role is to invest time in their education and … of their skills.	IMPROVE
9. Our problem solving service will assist students to find … to a wide variety of problems in a wide variety of disciplines via e-mail or fax.	SOLVE

9. Match the definitions below to words in the text. Then use the words in sentences of your own.

1. a set of financial and nonfinancial methods that enable management to control operations of a company (paragraph 4)

2. a particular long-term plan of variations, deviations, or modifications for success, esp. in business or politics (paragraph 4)

3. a series of actions aimed at producing goods and services that have monetary or exchange value (paragraph 5)

4. the final result or outcome of a process, series, endeavour, etc., esp in manufacturing (paragraph 8)

5. a control concept that gives workers rather than managers the responsibilities for achieving standards of quality. (paragraph 11)

6. the use of rules, policies, hierarchy of authority, written documentation, reward systems, and other formal mechanisms to influence employee behaviour and assess performance (paragraph 12)

7. the implementation of a large number of small, incremental improvements in all areas of the organisation on an ongoing basis. (paragraph 13)

8. the steps taken to complete a company process. (paragraph 13)

9. a group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problems that affect their common work activities. (paragraph 14)

Comprehension

10. Expand the sentences given.

1. Organisational control is … .

2. The organisation exists around a production process, and control can focus on events …, …, or … this process.

3. The three forms of control are called feedforward, …, and … .

4. Feedforward control focuses on ... .

5. Total quality management involves … .

6. There are two main control approaches to quality. They are … and … .

11. Complete the table with appropriate characteristics of a control system.

Four key steps of a well-designed control system				taking corrective action
Four control steps of effective organisational control	acceptance by members
Four major techniques of total quality management		reduced cycle time

12. Answer the questions about the text.

1. What is organisational control?

2. Could you describe the four steps of control? What do you understand by them?

3. What does it mean to say that organisational control should be kinked to strategic planning?

4. What are the purposes of concurrent and feedback controls?

5. What is the difference between bureaucratic and clan control? Which do you think is the stronger form?

6. What is a quality circle? How can it be used to improve organisational quality control?

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