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Medieval Kazan architectural styles
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Medieval Kazan architectural stylesYou can imagine what medieval Kazan city1architecture looked like if you have a look at the ruins of buildings preserved on the site2 of the city of Great Bolgar. Medieval Kazan city was distinguished by its oriental3 style and, like other important Bolgar towns, had two-storey houses for the feudal nobility, a khan's palace, a law court, public baths, mausoleums and mosques with elegant minarets. These buildings included fine brick and stone vaulted4 rooms, many-columned arcaded halls which were decorated with architectural mouldings, frescoes, coloured mosaics, ceramics, stone tracery and marble inlaid floors5. It is not by chance that eye-witnesses6 called Kazan of the Bolgar period a “wonderful city, the capital of the East” (S.S.Aydarov). Prince Andrey Kurbsky, one of the conquerors of Kazan7, wrote in his memoirs: “On the hill there are a fortress and the royal palace, and tall stone mosques where their dead kings are laid to rest.” The main mosque of Medieval Kazan was the Kul Sharif Mosque, a huge, white stone edifice with eight minarets, decorated with Bolgar stone-carving. Now in its place in the Kazan Kremlin stands the Blagoveshchensky (Annunciation) Cathedral, erected by Postnik Yakovlev (1556-62), the author of the St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow. Bereft of its architectural splendours, Kazan in the course of8 three centuries turned into an enchanted, bewitched city, where only the indestructible spirit of the people preserved the memory and heritage9 of their great and ancient civilization. But we will not dwell on all the troubles that befell the Tatar people. From its very beginning, Kazan was a multi-national city noted for its religious tolerance10. In medieval Kazan, where merchants from East and West came together, there were both Slav and Armenian settlements with their own places of worship11 and cemeteries. After the fall of Kazan in 1552, Islam was outlawed12 and the conversion to Christianity13 began in the Volga-Kama region. Double taxation and military service were imposed upon those who confessed Islam. In spite of this fact Tatar people were able to preserve their religion, cultural originality and their language. Notes:
1 medieval Kazan city architecture – архитектура средневековой Казани 2 on the site – на месте 3 oriental – восточный 4 vaulted – куполообразный, сводчатый 5 marble inlaid floors – мраморные мозаичные полы 6 eye-witnesses – свидетель-очевидец, здесь современник 7 conquerors of Kazan –завоеватели Казани 8 in the course of – в течении 9 preserve the memory and heritage – хранить память и наследие 10 religious tolerance – рлигиозная терпимость 11 place of worship – место поклонения 12 outlaw – обьявлять что-либо незаконным 13 conversion to Christianity – обращение в Христианство 
You have read rather a large material about the history and culture of the Kazan Khanate. Imagine that you lived there. Who were you? A peasant, a merchant, or may be you were a prince? Write your impressions. Казань – столица Татарстана Before you start I. Read: Key words multinational [ֽmΛltıınæ∫ənəl], industry [ıındəstrı], science [ısaıəns], ancient [ıeın∫ənt], architectural [ıa:kıtekt∫ərəl], ensemble [a:nısa:mbəl], surrounded [səıraundıd], northern [ıno:∂ən], boundary [ıbaundərı], artificial [ֽa:tııfı∫əl], jewel [ıdЗu:əl], Muscovite [ımΛskəvaıt], legacy [ılegəsı] II. Read the text The Kazan Kremlin (Part I) and answer the following questions: 1. Where is the city of Kazan situated? 2. How can the Kazan Kremlin be described? 3. What is the most remarkable building of the Kremlin? Do you know any legends connected with it?
2. The Kazan Kremlin has a perfect architectural e - - - - - - l. 3. The Bulak Cannel is an a - - - - - - - - l waterway. 4. The Suyumbika tower is the architectural j - - - l. 5. The Kazan Kremlin is a monument of the world’s l - - - - y.
Among the historical sites of Kazan there is a perfect architectural ensemble of the Kremlin. The Kazan Kremlin, bearing traces of many centuries of building activity, is enclosed by high white stone walls1 with the characteristic loop-holes2 and thirteen hipped-roofed towers3. The city fortress was formerly surrounded by water on three sides: the River Kazanka formed the northern boundary, on the east there lay three lakes, and to the west was an artificial waterway4, the Bulak Canal, constructed long ago by Tatar builders to join the Kazanka with Lake Kaban. The most remarkable building of the Kremlin, the architectural jewel, standing out from the whole ensemble, is the Suyumbika Tower. There are many legends connected with this tower. It takes its name from the last queen of Kazan, Suyumbika. The legend says that she threw herself from the top of the tower after Kazan had been taken by the Muscovite troops. The Kazan Kremlin is a monument of the world’s legacy5 protected by UNESCO6. Notes: 1 is enclosed by high white stone walls – окружен стенами из белого камня 2 loop-holes – бойницы 3 hipped-roofed towers – башни с крышами конической формы 4 artificial waterway – искусственный канал 5 a monument of the world’s legacy – памятник всемирного наследия 6 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) – ЮНЕСКО (Организация ООН по вопросам образования, науки и культуры) Before you start I. Read: Key words remarkable [rııma:kəbəl], tiers [tıəz], high [haı], distinctive [dııstıηktıv], profile [ıprəufaıl], visible [ıvızıbəl], contours [ıkontuəz], official [əıfı∫əl], entry [ıentrı], through [θru:], origin [ıorıdЗın], khanate [ıka:neıt], tower [ıtauə], siege [sı:dЗ], mosque [mosk], medieval [ֽmedııı:vəl], huge [hju:dЗ], edifice [ıedıfıs], minarets [ֽmınəırets], inaugurated [ııno:gjureıtıd], thousandth [ıθauzəndθ], anniversary [ֽænııvə:sərı], folklore [ıfəuklo:], economy [ııkonəmı], embroiders [ımıbroıdəz], ornaments [ıo:nəments], worth [wə:θ], among [əımΛη], square [skwεə], commemorates [kəımeməreıts], Berlin [bə:ılın] II. Read the text The Kazan Kremlin (Part II) and decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F): 1. The Suyumbika tower now serves as the official entrance to the territory of the Kremlin. 2. During a siege of Kazan the Taynitskaya tower was blown up. 3. The Kul Scharif mosque was built by Postnik Yakovlev. 4. The two-storey building of the Gostiny Dvor now houses the State Museum of Folklore, History and Economy. 5. A monument to G.Derjavin now stands in the square beside the Kremlin.
Opposite the Spasskaya Tower Gate of the Kazan Kremlin, on the high hill, which was the start of the Kazan trading district, there stands the two-storey building of the Gostiny Dvor, where the State Museum of Folklore, History and Economy of Tatarstan is located. This museum with a splendid collection of books, coins, embroiders and ornaments, gold and silver work is well worth seeing13. Among the many wonders of the State Museum of Tatarstan is the harp of the famous native of Kazan, the Russian poet G.Derzhavin. A monument to this poet, now vanished14, once stood in the square beside the Kremlin. Another monument in this same square commemorates the Tatar poet Musa Dzhalil, who was sentenced to death15 for his antifascist activities while being16 in Berlin Moabite Prison. Notes: 1 7 tiers – семиярусная 2 distinctive profile – заметный облик 3 is balanced by – 4 goes back to – зд. берет начало (от) 5 fresh water – пресная вода 6 a siege – осада 7 this very tower – именно эта башня 8 stone edifice – каменная постройка 9 Bulgar stone-carving – булгарская резьба по камню 10 Postnik Yakovlev – Постник Яковлев – псковский мастер, строитель части южных стен, ряда башен кремля и Благовещенского собора (1562 г.); ему приписывается также строительство собора Успенского монастыря в Свияжске (1560 г.) 11 from the start – от основания 12 inaugurated – 13 is well worth seeing – стóит посетить 14 now vanished – исчезнувший 15 was sentenced to death – был приговорен к смертной казни 16 while being – во время пребывания (в) Before you start I. Read: Key words essentially [ıısen∫əlı], provincial [prəıvın∫əl], Empire [ıempaıə], stretches [ıstret∫ız], settlements [ısetlmənt], ancient [ıeın∫ənt], spacious [ıspeı∫əs], avenue [ıævənju:], recently [ırı:səntlı], winged [wıηd], serpent [ısə:pənt], premature [ıpremət∫ə], death [deθ], walked [wo:kt], various [ıvεərıəs], publishing [ıpΛblı∫ıη], bears [bεəz], notable [ınəutəbəl], include [ınkılu:d], figures [ıfıgəz], originated [əırıdЗıneıtıd], legacy [ılegəsı], medieval [ֽmedııı:vəl], architecture [ıa:kıtekt∫ə], khanate [ıka:neıt], mosque [mosk], valued [ıvælju:d], cupola [ıkju:pələ], structures [ıstrΛkt∫əz], surprising [səıpraızıη], variety [vəıraıətı], high [haı], rectangular [rekıtæηgjulə], lavishly [ılævı∫lı], refined [rııfaınd], ceramics [sııræmıks], baroque [bəırok], style [staıl] II. Read the text Features and answer the following questions: 1. What struck the travelers and guests of Kazan? 2. Where was the Hotel Bulgar situated? What famous person once lived there? 3. How can you describe the architecture of Kazan mosques? Features Travelers and guests of Kazan were not struck so much by the Upper Town, which didn’t differ essentially1 from other provincial cities of the Russian Empire, as by the Lower Town, which stretches along the shore of Lake Kaban and both banks of the Bulak canal, where Old Tatar and New Tatar settlements were located. At the beginning of the Old Tatar settlement, not far from the ancient Mardzhani Mosque and the Mardzhania Medrese, where Moskovskaya and Evangelskaya streets meet, the spacious avenue2 known as Tatarstan Prospect has recently taken shape3. The old apartment house on the corner of Evangelskaya Square has a little tower with a weather-vane4 depicting the winged serpent Zilant. This is the former5 Hotel Bulgar, where the great poet Gabdulla Tukay lived and worked from 1907 until his premature death in 1913. Ekaterinskaya Street, down which the poet walked so often to the various publishing houses, now bears the name Tukaevskaya. The notable buildings in this street include one, which housed6 the Muhammedia Medrese. Over the years, many outstanding figures of Tatar culture studied there: G.Kamal, the dramatist and founder of the Tatar Theatre; F.Amirkhan, the writer friend of G.Tukay; the dramatist and actor K.Tinchurin, etc. The Old Tatar settlement, originated in the XV century and the New Tatar settlement, built later in the XVIII century, is not a direct legacy of the medieval architecture7 of the Kazan Khanate. Only the Hay Market Mosque with its valued cupola8 and massive minaret recalls the Bulgar-Tatar structures. Other mosques display a surprising variety of architecture. The Azimov Mosque’s slender minaret, 51 meters high, and the rectangular building are lavishly decorated in the most refined9 taste with stone carving and ceramics. The Apanaev Mosque retains the internal decoration10 in the provincial baroque style with elements of eastern tradition. Notes: 1 essentially – значительно 2 the spacious avenue – просторная улица 3 has recently taken shape – недавно появился 4 a weather-vane – флюгер 5 former – бывший 6 housed – вмещал 7 a direct legacy of the medieval architecture – прямое наследие средневековой архитектуры 8 Hay Market Mosque with its valuated cupola – Сенная мечеть с ее куполом внушительных размеров 9 are lavishly decorated in the most refined taste – украшены с изяществом (тонким вкусом) 10 retains the internal decoration – сохраняет внутреннее убранство Before you start I. Read: Key words since [sıns], huge [hju:dЗ], contribution [ֽkontrııbju:∫ən], natural [ınæt∫ərəl], sciences [ısaıənsız], humanities [hju:ımænıtız], figures [ıfıgəz], mathematician [ֽmæθəməıtı∫ən], library [ılaıbrərı], bibliographical [ֽbıblıəuıgræfıkəl], manuscripts [ımænjuskrıpts], ethnographical [ֽeθnəıgræfıkəl], research [rıısə:t∫] II. Read the text Kazan State University. You will come across the names of some famous people who studied there. Choose one of them and make a report. III. Read the text Kazan State University more carefully and answer the following questions: 1. When was Kazan State University founded? 2. Who was the rector of Kazan State University from 1827 to 1846? 3. What can you tell about the University library?
Since its foundation, Kazan State University has made a huge contribution to the development of Natural Sciences and the Humanities1. Among the notable figures2 who attended Kazan State University are the mathematician N.Lobachevskiy, the writer L.Tolstoy, the composer M.Balakierev, the physicist E.Zavoiskiy, the chemists A.Arbuzov, N.Zinin, A.Butlerov, the storey-teller S.Aksakov, the revolutionary Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin and many others. A special role in the history of the university was played by its rector from 1827 to 1846, the great Russian mathematician N.Lobachevskiy. The Rector’s House now stands in the main architectural complex. Opposite it, on the square there is situated a building which immediately attracts the attention by its ornately decorated facade and corner balcony. This is the National library. The grand mansion for 2 million books was built in 1908 under the supervision of the architect K.Müfke. Kazan State University also has a splendid library. It has one of the world’s most important bibliographical collections, containing lots of books and manuscripts. Besides its famous library, Kazan State University is noted for3 its geological, zoological, ethnographical museums. Today Kazan State University continues its important work in education and research.
2. Comment on A.Herzen’s quotation. Do you agree with him? PROJECT WORK Prepare a project that shows the life of any famous person mentioned in this article. Note: Your project may contain some photos, pictures, some historical information, interesting facts etc. жүктеу/скачать 1.26 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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