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"Among the herd of journals which are published in the
States, there are some, the reader scarcely need be told, of
character and credit. From personal intercourse with accomplished
gentlemen connected with publications of this class, I have derived
both pleasure and profit. But the name of these is Few, and of the
other Legion, and the influence of the good is powerless to
counteract the mortal poison of the bad. (Dickens).
The use of the word 'name' made the author write the words 'Few' and 'Legion' with
capital letters. It is very important to note that this device is mainly realized in the written
language, because sometimes capital letters are the only signals to denote the presence of
the stylistic device. The same can also be observed in the following example from
Byron's "Don Juan":
"Society is now one polished horde,
Form'd of two mighty tribes, the Bores and Bored."
In these two examples of the use of antonomasia the nominal meaning is hardly
perceived, the logical meaning of the words few, legion, bores, bored being too strong.
But there is another point that should be mentioned. Most proper names are built on
some law of analogy. Many of them end in -son (as Johnson) or -er (Fletcher). We easily
recognize such words as Smith, White, Brown, Green, Fowler and others as proper names.
But such names as Miss Blue-Eyes (Carter Brown) or Scrooge or Mr. Zero may be called
token tell-tale names.They give information to the reader about the bearer of the
name. In this connection it is interesting to recall the well-known remark by
Karl Marx,
who said that we do not know anything about a man if we only know that he is called
Jacob. The nominal meaning is not intended to give any information about the person. It
only serves the purpose of identification. Proper names, i. e., the words with nominal
meaning can etymologically, in the majority of cases, be traced to some quality, property or
trait of a person, or to his occupation. But this etymological meaning may be forgotten
and the word be understood as a proper name and nothing else. It is not so with
antonomasia (telltale or token names). Antonomasia is
intended to point out the
leading,most characteristic feature of a person or event, at the same time pinning this
leading trait as a proper name to the person or event concerned. In fact antonomasia is a
revival of the initial stage in naming individuals. Antonomasia may be likened to the
epithet in essence if not in form. It categorizes the person and thus simultaneously indi-
cates both the general and the particular.
Antonomasia is a much favoured device in the belles-lettres style. In an article
"What's in a name?", Mr. R. Davis says: "In deciding on names for his characters, an
author has an unfair advantage over other parents. He knows so much better how his child
will turn out. When
Saul Bellow named Augie March, he had already conceived a hero
restlessly on the move, marching ahead with august ideas of himself. Henry James saw
in Adam Verver of "The Golden Bowl" a self-made American, sprung from the soil, full of
verve and zest for life. In choosing names like 'Murdstone', 'Scrooge', and 'Gradgrind',
Dickens was being even more obvious."
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In Russian literature this device is employed by many of our classic writers. It will
suffice to mention such names as Vralman, Molcha-lin, Korobochkaand Sobakevichto
illustrate this efficient device for
characterizing literary heroes, a device which is now
falling out of use. These Russian names are also coined on the analogy of generally acknow-
ledged models for proper names, with endings in -man, -in, -vich.
An interesting literary device to emphasize tell-tale names is employed by Byron in
his "Don Juan" where the name is followed or preceded by an explanatory remark as in
the following:
"Sir John Pottledeep, the mighty drinker." "There was the sage Miss
Reading." "And the two fair co-heiresses Giltbedding." "There was
Dick Dubious, the metaphysician,
Who loved philosophy and a good dinner; Angle, the soi-disant
mathematician?
Sir Henry Silvercup, the great race-winner."
The explanatory words, as it were, revive the logical meaning of the proper
names thus making more apparent the interplay of logical and nominal meanings.
The use of antonomasia is now not confined to the belles-lettres style. It is often
found in publicisticstyle, that is in magazine and newspaper articles, in essays and also in
military language. The following are examples:
“I say this to our American friends. Mr. Facing-Both-Ways does not
get very far in this world.” (The Times, March 1, 1956)
“I suspect that the Noses and Don’t Knows would far outnumber the
Yeses.” (The Spectator, Feb. 17, 1959)
So far we have dealt with a variety of antonomasia
in which common words with
obvious logical meaning are given nominal meaning without losing their primary, basic
significance. But antonomasia can also make a word which now has a basic nominal
meaning acquire a generic signification, thus supplying the word with an additional
logical meaning. The latter can only be deciphered if the events connected with a certain
place mentioned or with a conspicuous feature of a person are well known. Thus the
word Dunkirknow means 'the evacuation of troops under heavy bombardment before it is
too late', Sedanmeans 'a complete defeat', Coventry— 'the destruction
of a city by air
raids', a quisling now means’s traitor who aids occupying enemy forces'.
The spelling of these words demonstrates the stages by which proper nouns acquire
new, logical meanings: some of them are still spelt with capital letters (geographical
names); others are already spelt with small letters showing that a new word with a primary
logical meaning has already come into existence. This variety of antonomasia is not so
widely used as a stylistic device, most probably due to the nature of words with nominal
meaning: they tell very little or even nothing about the bearer of the name.
Antonomasia is a lexical stylistic device in which a proper name is used instead of a
common noun or vice versa. Logical meaning serves to denote concepts and thus to
classify individual objects into groups (classes). The nominal meaning of a proper name is
44
suppressed by its logical meaning and acquires the new – nominal – component. Nominal
meaning has no classifying power for it applies to one single individual object with the
aim not of classifying it constituting a definite group, but, on the contrary with the aim of
singling it out of the group of similar objects, of individualizing one particular object. The
word “Mary” does not indicate if the denoted object refers
to the class of women, girls,
boats, cats, etc. But in example: “He took little satisfaction in telling each Mary,
something…” the attribute “each”, used with the name, turns it into a common noun
denoting any woman. Here we deal with a case of antonomasia of the first type.
A n o t he r t y p e o f a n t o n o ma s i a w e me e t w he n a c o m mo n n o u n is s t i l l
c le a r l y p e r c e i v e d a s a p r o p e r n a m e . S o , n o s p e a k e r o f E n g l i s h t o d a y ha s
i t i n h i s m i n d t ha t s u c h p o p u l a r E n g l i s h s u r na me s a s M r . S m i t h o r M r .
B r o w n us e d t o me a n o c c u p a t i o n a n d t he c o lo r . W h i l e s u c h na m e s a s M r .
S na k e o r M r . B a c k b i t e i m me d i a t e l y r a is e a s s o c i a t i o ns w i t h c e r t a i n
hu ma n q ua lit ies d ue t o t he de not a t io na l mea nin g o f t he w or ds “ sna ke”
a nd “ backb ite ”.
A n t o no ma s i a is c r e a t e d ma i n l y b y n o u ns , mo r e s e ld o m b y a t t r ib u t i v e
co mb ina t io ns (as in “ Dr. Fr es h Air ”) or p hrases (as in “ Mr. W ha t’ s - his -
na me’ ).
In the third group of stylistic devices, which we now come to, we find that one of
the qualities of the object in question is maid to sound essential. This is an entirely
different principle from that
one which the second group is based, that of interaction
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