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Antonomasia 
We have already pointed out the peculiarities of nominal meaning. The interplay 
between logical and nominal meanings of a word is called a n t o n o m a s i a . As in other 
stylistic devices based on the interaction of lexical meanings, the two kinds of meanings 
must be realized in the word simultaneously. If only one meaning is materialized in the 
context there is no stylistic device as in hooligan, boycott and other examples given 
earlier. Here are some examples of genuine antonomasia.


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"Among the herd of journals which are published in the
States, there are some, the reader scarcely need be told, of
character and credit. From personal intercourse with accomplished
gentlemen connected with publications of this class, I have derived
both pleasure and profit. But the name of these is Few, and of the
other Legion, and the influence of the good is powerless to
counteract the mortal poison of the bad. (Dickens).
The use of the word 'name' made the author write the words 'Few' and 'Legion' with 
capital letters. It is very important to note that this device is mainly realized in the written 
language, because sometimes capital letters are the only signals to denote the presence of 
the stylistic device. The same can also be observed in the following example from 
Byron's "Don Juan": 
"Society is now one polished horde, 
Form'd of two mighty tribes, the Bores and Bored." 
In these two examples of the use of antonomasia the nominal meaning is hardly 
perceived, the logical meaning of the words few, legion, bores, bored being too strong. 
But there is another point that should be mentioned. Most proper names are built on 
some law of analogy. Many of them end in -son (as Johnson) or -er (Fletcher). We easily 
recognize such words as Smith, White, Brown, Green, Fowler and others as proper names. 
But such names as Miss Blue-Eyes (Carter Brown) or Scrooge or Mr. Zero may be called 
token tell-tale names.They give information to the reader about the bearer of the 
name. In this connection it is interesting to recall the well-known remark by Karl Marx
who said that we do not know anything about a man if we only know that he is called 
Jacob. The nominal meaning is not intended to give any information about the person. It 
only serves the purpose of identification. Proper names, i. e., the words with nominal 
meaning can etymologically, in the majority of cases, be traced to some quality, property or 
trait of a person, or to his occupation. But this etymological meaning may be forgotten 
and the word be understood as a proper name and nothing else. It is not so with 
antonomasia (telltale or token names). Antonomasia is intended to point out the 
leading,most characteristic feature of a person or event, at the same time pinning this 
leading trait as a proper name to the person or event concerned. In fact antonomasia is a 
revival of the initial stage in naming individuals. Antonomasia may be likened to the 
epithet in essence if not in form. It categorizes the person and thus simultaneously indi-
cates both the general and the particular.
Antonomasia is a much favoured device in the belles-lettres style. In an article 
"What's in a name?", Mr. R. Davis says: "In deciding on names for his characters, an 
author has an unfair advantage over other parents. He knows so much better how his child 
will turn out. When Saul Bellow named Augie March, he had already conceived a hero 
restlessly on the move, marching ahead with august ideas of himself. Henry James saw 
in Adam Verver of "The Golden Bowl" a self-made American, sprung from the soil, full of 
verve and zest for life. In choosing names like 'Murdstone', 'Scrooge', and 'Gradgrind', 
Dickens was being even more obvious." 


43 
In Russian literature this device is employed by many of our classic writers. It will 
suffice to mention such names as Vralman, Molcha-lin, Korobochkaand Sobakevichto 
illustrate this efficient device for characterizing literary heroes, a device which is now 
falling out of use. These Russian names are also coined on the analogy of generally acknow-
ledged models for proper names, with endings in -man, -in, -vich. 
An interesting literary device to emphasize tell-tale names is employed by Byron in 
his "Don Juan" where the name is followed or preceded by an explanatory remark as in 
the following: 
"Sir John Pottledeep, the mighty drinker." "There was the sage Miss 
Reading." "And the two fair co-heiresses Giltbedding." "There was 
Dick Dubious, the metaphysician, 
Who loved philosophy and a good dinner; Angle, the soi-disant 
mathematician? 
Sir Henry Silvercup, the great race-winner." 
The explanatory words, as it were, revive the logical meaning of the proper 
names thus making more apparent the interplay of logical and nominal meanings. 
The use of antonomasia is now not confined to the belles-lettres style. It is often 
found in publicisticstyle, that is in magazine and newspaper articles, in essays and also in 
military language. The following are examples: 
“I say this to our American friends. Mr. Facing-Both-Ways does not
get very far in this world.” (The Times, March 1, 1956) 
“I suspect that the Noses and Don’t Knows would far outnumber the
Yeses.” (The Spectator, Feb. 17, 1959) 
So far we have dealt with a variety of antonomasia in which common words with 
obvious logical meaning are given nominal meaning without losing their primary, basic 
significance. But antonomasia can also make a word which now has a basic nominal 
meaning acquire a generic signification, thus supplying the word with an additional 
logical meaning. The latter can only be deciphered if the events connected with a certain 
place mentioned or with a conspicuous feature of a person are well known. Thus the 
word Dunkirknow means 'the evacuation of troops under heavy bombardment before it is 
too late', Sedanmeans 'a complete defeat', Coventry— 'the destruction of a city by air 
raids', a quisling now means’s traitor who aids occupying enemy forces'. 
The spelling of these words demonstrates the stages by which proper nouns acquire 
new, logical meanings: some of them are still spelt with capital letters (geographical 
names); others are already spelt with small letters showing that a new word with a primary 
logical meaning has already come into existence. This variety of antonomasia is not so 
widely used as a stylistic device, most probably due to the nature of words with nominal 
meaning: they tell very little or even nothing about the bearer of the name. 
Antonomasia is a lexical stylistic device in which a proper name is used instead of a 
common noun or vice versa. Logical meaning serves to denote concepts and thus to 
classify individual objects into groups (classes). The nominal meaning of a proper name is 


44 
suppressed by its logical meaning and acquires the new – nominal – component. Nominal 
meaning has no classifying power for it applies to one single individual object with the 
aim not of classifying it constituting a definite group, but, on the contrary with the aim of 
singling it out of the group of similar objects, of individualizing one particular object. The 
word “Mary” does not indicate if the denoted object refers to the class of women, girls, 
boats, cats, etc. But in example: “He took little satisfaction in telling each Mary, 
something…” the attribute “each”, used with the name, turns it into a common noun 
denoting any woman. Here we deal with a case of antonomasia of the first type. 
A n o t he r t y p e o f a n t o n o ma s i a w e me e t w he n a c o m mo n n o u n is s t i l l
c le a r l y p e r c e i v e d a s a p r o p e r n a m e . S o , n o s p e a k e r o f E n g l i s h t o d a y ha s
i t i n h i s m i n d t ha t s u c h p o p u l a r E n g l i s h s u r na me s a s M r . S m i t h o r M r .
B r o w n us e d t o me a n o c c u p a t i o n a n d t he c o lo r . W h i l e s u c h na m e s a s M r .
S na k e o r M r . B a c k b i t e i m me d i a t e l y r a is e a s s o c i a t i o ns w i t h c e r t a i n
hu ma n q ua lit ies d ue t o t he de not a t io na l mea nin g o f t he w or ds “ sna ke”
a nd “ backb ite ”.
A n t o no ma s i a is c r e a t e d ma i n l y b y n o u ns , mo r e s e ld o m b y a t t r ib u t i v e
co mb ina t io ns (as in “ Dr. Fr es h Air ”) or p hrases (as in “ Mr. W ha t’ s - his -
na me’ ).
In the third group of stylistic devices, which we now come to, we find that one of 
the qualities of the object in question is maid to sound essential. This is an entirely 
different principle from that one which the second group is based, that of interaction 


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