А
агонистическое поведение agonistic behaviour (вытеснение, драка, замещение, конфликт, нападение, погоня, преследование) см. взаимодействия социальные
агрегация агрегация, временная группировка, временное объединение, временное скопление aggregation, temporary aggregation, short-term association
~ в местах кормления feeding aggregation
ночёвочная ~ roosting aggregation
склонность образовывать ~ gregariousness
скопление особей gathering, schooling
агрессивность aggressiveness, aggressivity
агрессиивный aggressive
агрессия внутривидовая aggression, intraspecific aggression
материнская ~ maternal aggression
межсамцовая ~ intermale aggression
низкопороговая, импульсивная ~ irritable aggression
переадресованная ~ redirected aggression
порождаемая страхом ~ fear-induced aggression
связанная с полом ~ sex-related, sexual aggression
территориальная ~ territorial aggression
агроландшафт agrolandscape, agricultural land, farmland, farming
пашня arable
посевы crop
адаптивность adaptability
адаптивное значение adaptive significance, adaptive value
trait of adaptive significance, of adaptive value
адаптивный adaptive
адреналин adrenaline
айсберг
From the enormous dome-shaped icecap of Greenland the ice forces its way to the coast, where it forms large glaciers. These, in turn, give birth to the mighty icebers that float down the Greenland coasts. The production of glacier ice varies greatly: the fastest-moving glacier, the Upernavik Glacier, has a velocity of over one hundred feet a day in summer, while many others move only a few feet and some do not move at all.
The icebergs are carried to the south by the Labrador currents, but only about five per cent reach as far south as Newfoundland, and this voyage require several years.
акватория water area
акклиматизация acclimatization
акклиматизировать acclimatize
акклимация acclimation
активация activation
поведенческая ~ behavioural arousal
активизация activation
активизировать activate; arouse; render active
активность activity
рефлекторная ~ reflex activity
активность особи individual activity
~ вхолостую vacuum activity
двигательная ~ locomotor activity
замещающая ~ substitute activity
зона ~ activity field
переадресованная ~ redirection activity
проявление ~ manifestation of activity
проявлять ~ manifest activity
рефлекторная ~ reflex activity
смещённая ~ displacement activity
активный active
актуализма принцип actualism
акустика acou ~ stics
акустическая сигнализация acoustic signalization см. песня, сигнал звуковой
позывка call см. сигнала функция
акция action
выполнять ~ execute action, perform action
аллогруминг см. комфортное поведение
аллометрический allometric
аллометрия allometry
алломиметический allomimetic
~ поведение allomimetic behaviour
аллопатрический allopatric
аллопатрия allopatry
аллопрининг см. комфортное поведение
альпийский alpine
From the arctic zone a number of mountain ranges lead to the south, in America the Rockjes, in Europe the Scandinavian Mountains and the Urals, and in Siberia the Stanovoi Range. A large majority of the arctic plants and animals range to the south along these mountains on the upper parts of the slopes above the timber line in the so-called alpine zone.
альтруизм socbiol altruism
к родичам по преимуществу (непотизм) nepotism
реципрокный ~ reciprocal althriusm
эволюционный ~ evolutionary althruism
эффект «зелёной бороды» green-beard effect
альтруистический altruistic
альфа-разнообразие alpha-diveristy
амплитуда amplitude
~ движений movement amplitude
~ циклических колебаний cyclical amplitude
~ условий окружающей среды environmental range
~ экологических условий ecological range
суточная ~ daily range
экологическая ~ ecological amplitude, ecological range
анализ analysis
сонографический ~ sonographic analysis
анализатор analyzer
анализировать v analyse, dissect
аналитический analytic, analytical
аналог analog, analogue
аналогичный analogous
аналогия analogy
аналоговый analog
~ кодирование (сигнала) analog coding (of signal)
антагонизм antagonism
конкурентный ~ competitive antagonism
антагонист antagonist
антихищническое поведение anti-predator behaviour см. также камуфляж
анахоретизм anachoresis
имитация опасного животного deimatic display
аппарат m apparatus
голосовой ~ vocal apparatus
слуховой ~ hearing aid
аппаратура equipment
регистрирующая ~ recording equipment
аппетентный appetitive см. фиксированная схема действий
аппетенция appetence
аппетит appetite
аппроксимация approximation
последовательная ~ successive approximation
аппроксимировать approximate
ареал area, range, geographic range
высотный ~ altitudinal area
ленточный ~ belt area
нагульный ~ foraging area
разорванный ~ disconnected area, discontinuous area, discontinuous range
диффузный ~ diffuse area
реликтовый ~ relic area
современный ~ present-day range
соприкасающиеся ареалы adjacent areas, adjacent ranges
сплошной ~ continuous area, continuous range
узкий ~ restricted area
арктический arctic
The differences between north and south is so pronounced that it is necessary to distinguish between two zones in the arctic region, a northern high-arctic and southern low-arctic zone. The definition of the two zones is based on the distribution of animalas and plants, but this of course reflects climatic differences of considerable magnitude.
арктоальпийский arctoalpine, arctic-alpine
Such animals and plants are called arctic-alpine species. This alpine zone in many ways bears a close resemblance to the arctic region, but it differs in several ways, including light conditions (no midnight sun) and lower barometric pressure, so that it is generally not incorporated in the arctic region. Treeless alpine zones exist also in the isolated high mountains farther south, as in the Alps and the Pyrenees, and they also are inhabited by some arctic-alpine species.
аромат scent (цветов), aroma, flavour, fragrance
артефакт artefact, artifact
атавизм atavism
атавистический atavistic, ancestral
атака attack
Male bounces up in violent attack.
короткая ~ pounce, pouncing
ложная ~ sham attack
~ с нападением ~ overt attack, outrigt attack, furious attack
attack followed by aggressive body contact with strange individual
The territory holder quickly moved towards the intruder, and butted (ударять) him with his head.
атаковать attack
аутсайдер см. иерархия социальная
аутэкологический autecological
аутэкология autecology
афагия aphagia
аффилиация (объединение в союз) affiliation
There was report of a case of a male Japanese macaque who formed affiliative relationships with three young monkeys apparently quite unrelated to him.
аффилиативный союз team, affiliative relationships (against others), affiliative ties
Each team consisted of an older and a younger male, one or both of which have females accompanying them.
временный альянс temporary alliance
объединяться в союз interact affiliatively, develop alliance
поддерживать союз maintain alliance
Б
бег running
~ прыжками saltation
~ плавный, скользящий ~ gliging run
рикошетирующий ~ ricochet
беать run
~ иноходью amble
~ рысью trot
бегающий cursorial
бегство escape, escape behaviour
безжизненный lifeless, barren; azoic
The Greenland icecap and that of antarctic continent form the worlds only absolute lifeless desert.
безлесность treelessness
безлесный treeless
безлистный leafless, aphyllous
берегm shore, bank, strand, shoreline; открытые берега всех побережий exposed shores of all coasts; на берегу реки on the riveside
~ моря seacoast, seashore см. также побережье
абразионный ~ abrasion shore, wave cut shore
крутой ~ steep shore, bold shore
обвалованный ~ leveed bank
отлогий ~ low coast, flat shore
подмываемый ~ caving bank
береговой coastal, riparian
берлога den, lair, couch, squat
беседки (птиц-шалашников) bowers
индивидуальная площадка самца на току display platform, bower
декорирование ~ bower decoration
бескормица fodder shortage, food shortage
бесплодие (особи) sterility, infertility
бесплодность (местности) barrenness
бесплодный infertile, sterile; см. безжизненный
бесполезный useless
беспокоить vex
беспокойство anxiety, agitation, restlessness, uneasiness, unrest
~ из-за разъединения с партнером separation distress
бигамия bigamy
бинарный binary, binomial
~ номенклатура binary nomenclature
бинокулярный binocular
биоакустика bioacoustics
гармоническая структура звука harmonic structure of sound
длительность звука duration of sound
доминантная частота dominant frequency
значение частоты frequency band
нарастание частоты rising in frequency
несущая частота carrier frequency
огибающая envelope curve; колоколообразная ~ dome-shaped envelope curve
основной концентрации энергии зона main concentration of energy
падение частоты falling in frequency
полоса частот range of frequencies
последовательность посылок разной акустической структуры heterotypic sounds sequence
серия одинаковых посылок homotypic sounds series
сонограмма sonogram
тональный звук tonal sound
частотно-временная организация сигнала signals frequency-time pattern
шумовой звук noise-type sound
биология biology
~ социобиология sociobiology
биоразнообразие biodiversity
forest supports a rich range of species; with a total n breeding species
very much richer fauna
species diversity varies greatly from space to space, with a total n breeding species
биотоп biotope, community habitat
маргинальный ~ marginal habitat
биоценоз biocenose, biocenosis, biocoenosis, community, biocommunity
бихевиоризм behaviourism
бихевиористский behaviouristic
бициклический bicyclic
благополучие welfare, well-being
психологическое ~ psycholgial welfare
физиологическое ~ physiological welfare
благоприятный favorable
болото marsh (постоянное, проточное), fen (затапливаемые берега рек и озер), bog (постоянное, слабопроточное, чаще верховое), mire, marshland, swampmoor, swampland, waterlogged area
Where the ground is moist extensive bogs exist.
верховое ~ high bog, raised bog, valley bog, basin bog, raised moss, raised moor, upland bog, upland, swamp, mire
Bog (mire) is permanently waterlogged habitats, often anaerobic and acid, with little flow of water; typically blanket bog is in uplands, but raised bog generally in lowlands; both produce peat, and require high rainfall. Bogs in areas of high water table include valley bog (through-drainage) or basin bogs (largely stagnant).
грядово-мочажинное ~ hummock-ridge bog
долинное ~ valley bog, valley mire
камышовое ~ bulrush fen
Fen (mire) is regarded as sub-category of marsh. It is waterlogged habitat found on shallow margins of lakes and slow rivers, and on alluvial flood plains with impeded drainage. Rich fen is base- and species-rich. Seasonal fen displays wide cyclical variation in the extent of waterlogging.
кочковатое ~ hillock bog, tussock bog
кустарниковое ~ shrub bog
кустарничковое ~ subshrub bog, dwarf shrub bog
лесное ~ wooded bog, forest bog, wood swamp
мангровое ~ mangrove swamp
моховое ~ mossery, moss, moss bog, moss fen, moss moor
низинное ~ lowland moor, lowland swamp, fen, flood-plain marsh, lowland bog
пойменное ~ valley bog, river marsh
пресноводное ~ freshwater marsh
Freshwater marsh is permanently waterlogged habitats, usually well-oxygenated and with steady through-flow of water. Tends towards reedbed, reed-swamp.
пушицевое ~ cotton grass swamp, cotton grass bog
соленое ~ salt marsh, salt-water marsh
Saltmarsh is tidally inundated and cleansed with brackish water.
солончаковое ~ salt swamp, salt marsh
сфагновое ~ peat moss bog, sphagnum bog
торфяное ~ peat bog, peat swamp
тростниковое ~ reed swamp
борьба fighting, struggle, wrestle, contest; control
~ за существование struggle for existence
~ шеями eth neck-fighting, necking, neck-wrestling
конкурентная ~ competitive fighting
брачный breeding, nuptial
брешь (промежуток, интервал) gap
пробел в знаниях gaps in knowledge
бросаться fly at (о собаке), attack, strike
бросок dart, darting burst
брыкаться buck, kick, fling
бугристый hilly, hillocky, hummocky; bumpy, knobby, torose, grumous,
tuberous
буран snow storm
«бутылочного горлышка» феномен bottleneck phenomenon
бухта bight
быстрина riffle, rapid, cataract, swift course
быстрый agile, quick, rapid, fast, swift
бюджет budget
~ активностей behavioural resilience
~ времени time budget
В
валентность valence
экологическая ~ ecological valence
As the more southern plants and animals decrease in number and disappeared, they are replaced by other hardier species, which is adapted to the extreme conditions of the areas next to the Pole and which are missing rather south in the Arctic.
варьировать vary, range
The wing-length of birds from the Tien Shan and Mongolia ranges from 99.8 to 103.1 mm, compared with a mean of 96.3 mm in Iran and Afghanistan.
In Turkmenistan, the size of territories ranges from 0.7 to 4.2 ha, though these figures are approximate since the adjacent territories broadly overlap (by up to 20–50 m) in their peripheral parts and have in fact no definite borders.
величина value, magnitude см. размер
значение ~ value, figure
порядок величины orders of magnitude
Average ME of prey taxa differed by three orders of magnitude from the highest ME, Mus musculus, to the lowest ME, ants.
предельная ~ limit value
приближённая ~ rough value
случайная ~ variate
теоретически рассчитанная ~ theoretical value
эффективная ~ популяции effective population size
вереск heather (Calluna)
The Breckland is an area of dry: sandy soils, largely devoted to forestry and arable (пахотный) farming. Until the early part of the century, however, large tracts of heathland (заросли вереска) occupied the area, and fragmented heaths remain today.
вероятность probability
апостериорная ~ posterior probability
априорная ~ prior probability
доверительная ~ acceptance probability, confidence probability
условная ~ conditional probability
верховье (реки) upper reaches, river head, headwaters, upper course
ветер wind
in places that particularly exposed to the wind
переменный ~ variable wind
порывистый ~ gusty wind
северный ~ northerly wind
сильный ~ strong wind
слабый ~ light wind
ветровал windbreak, windfall
ветроустойчивый wind-resisting, wind-firm
вечнозелёный evergreen, sempervirent, aiphyllous, indeciduous
взаимность (обоюдность) reciprocity, mutuality
Females supported each other reciprocally, as reported for rhesus and stumptailed macaques. Females supported others with whom they also often interacted affiliatively.
взаимодействие социальное interaction, cooperation
быть вовлечённым во ~ be engaged
взаимная ориентация партнёров
When male directes his display toward an intruder at close range, he orients his broadside (laterall presentation) toward an adversary. The intruder also orient in this fashion, usually heading in the opposite direction. This configuration of two laterally presented males is termed face-off and is typical of most iguaid challenge displays in close proximity.
взаимная чистка покровов mutual grooming (allogruming), mutual preening (allopreening)
вытеснение, изгнание eviction
драка fight, (fierce, violent) combat
замещение supplanting attack
конфликт conflict, confrontation, dispute
The key features of this activity were the partially opened, drooped wings, the violent chasing and fleeing, and the actual physical contact as the combatants struck one another from time to time.
кормление партнёра feeding, ritual feeding; trofallaxis (у социальных насекомых)
кормление совместное food sharing, co-feeding
копуляция copulation
Each act of copulation is usually preceded by a very prolonged mutual adjustment of each partners behaviour in respect of the others.
матери и детёныша mother-infant interaction
нападение attack (upon), assault
погоня chase
пребывание поблизости друг от друга (staying) in proximity to
преследование pursuit
садка (самца на самку) mounting
скучивание clumping (у птиц), huddling (у млекопитающих), huddling behaviour. crowding
столкновение encounter
удерживать самку перед копуляцией (у ящериц) get hold, get bite-hold
Male rapidly approaches female and immediately attempts to get a mating hold on her neck. There is an impression that that successin mating depends upon males ability to catch the female.
ухаживание courtship
уход от ~ withdrawal, contact withdrawal
взаимодействие факторов interaction of factors
взаимодействовать interact
взаимоисключение mutual exclusion
конкурентное ~ competitive exclusion
взаимоотношения interactions, interrelations, interrelationships
внутривидовые ~ intraspecific interactions
конкурентные ~ competitive interaction
межвидовые ~ interspecific interactions
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