British English American English
ad'ress 'adress
ciga'rette 'cigaret
'frontier fron'tier
la'boratory 'laboratory
maga'zine 'magazine
re'seach 'reseach
trans'late 'translate
week'end 'weekend
Өзін-өзі тексеруге арналған сұрақтар
1/ What variants of the English language do you know?
2/ What is Cockney?
3/ How many dialects are there in England?
4/ Give some examples of differences in the vocabulary system of the British English and American English?
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В. Лексикология английского языка. М., Изд-во дом ,
1999.
2. Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С. A course in Modern English Lexicology. М., 1978
3. Арнольд И.В. .. The English Word. М., 1979
4. Кунин А.В. Фразеология английского языка. М., 1996
5. Зыкова И.В. Практикуи по лексикологии английского языка. М., 2006.
6. David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University
Press, 1994.
Lecture 17. Phraseological units (Set expressions).
Classification of set expressions.
1.Various approaches to the theory of phraseological units.
2.Main characteristic features of phraseological units.
3.Structural and semantic classifications of phraseological units. Proverbs, sayings, cliches.
Дәріс тезистері
Opinions differ as to how word groups and praseological units should be defined, classified ,described and analyzed. The word “phraseology”, for instance, has very different meanings in our country and in Great Britain or the USA. . In Russian linguistics literature the term has come to be used for the whole ensemble of expressions where the meaning of one element is dependent on the other, irrespective of the structure and property of the unit. /V.V.Vinagradov/. With other authers it depends ob such set expressions which do not possess expressiveness or emotional colouring /A.I. Smirnitsky/, and also vica versa, only those that are imaginative, expressive and emotional./ I.V.Arnold/. O.S.Akhmanva has repeatedly insisted on the semantic integtity of such phrases prevailing over the structural separateness of their elements. A.V. Koonin lays the stress on the structural separateness of the elements in a phraseological unit, on the change of meaning in the whole as compared its elements taken separately and on a certain minimum stability. All these authors use the same word “phraseology’ to denote the branch of linguistics studying the word group they have in mind. In English and American linguistics the situation is very different. No special branch of study exists and the term “phraseology” is a stylistic one meaning according to Webster’s dictionary “mode /type/ of expression, peculiarities of diction, i.e. choice and arrangement of words and phrases characteristic of some characteristic of some authors or some literary work”
The term ‘set expression’ is on the contrary more definite, because the 1-st element points out the most important characteristic of these units, namely their stability, their fixed and ready made nature. The word ’expression’ suits our purpose because it is a general term including words, groups od words and sentences, so that both up and downs (успехи и неудачи) and that’s a horse of another colour (Это совсем другое дело.) are expressions. That’s why the term “set expression” is also frequently used instead of phraseological units or other terms..
According to the type of motivation and other above mentioned features, three types of phraseological units are suggested: 1/ phraseological fusions represent as their name suggests the highest stage of blending together. The meaning of components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole by its expressiveness and emotional properties. E.g. tit for tat / око за око зуб за зуб/, to set one’s cap at smb. / to try or attract a man/, to show the white feather /to betray one’s cowardice/ etc. Phraseological fusions are specific for every language and do not lend themselves to literal translations and into other languages.
Phraseological units are much more numerous. They are clearly motivated. Their meaning can be usually perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit. The emotional quality is based on the image created by the whole as in the following examples: to stick /stand/ to one’s gun / to refuse to change one’s statements or opinions/, to sink or swim / to fail or succeed/, in deep water / to be in trouble, danger/, to sail under false colours / to pretend to be what one is not/. Another characteristic feature of the type is the possibility of synonimic substitution, which can be only very limited. Some of them are easily translated and even international, e.g. to know the way the wind is blowing, to show one’s teeth, to wash one’s dirty linen in public etc.
The third group in this classification is the phraseological combination is the phraseological combinations.They are not only motivated but contain one component used in its direct meaning while the other is used figuratively. E.g. to meet the demand, to meet the necessity, to meet the requirements, to lose one’s head / to be at a loss/, to lose one’s heart to smb. / to fall in love/, to sit on the fence / to discuss politics/ etc
Өзін-өзі тексеруге арналған сұрақтар
1/ How are set expressions characterized in the English language?
2/ What linguists investigated the problem of set expressions?
3/ What types of set expressions do you know?
4/ How A.V. Koonin classified English set expressions?
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В. Лексикология английского языка. М., Изд-во дом ,
1999.
2. Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С. A course in Modern English Lexicology. М., 1978
3. Арнольд И.В. .. The English Word. М., 1979
4. Кунин А.В. Фразеология английского языка. М., 1996
5. Зыкова И.В. Практикуи по лексикологии английского языка. М., 2006.
6. David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University
Press, 1994.
Lecture 18. Lexicography. Types of dictionaries.
1. The Theory of lexicography.
2. Types and structure of dictionaries.
Дәріс тезистері
Lexicography is an important branch of applied linguistics dealing with the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries. It has a common object of study with lexicology as both of them describe the vocabulary of a language. The difference between them lies in the degree of systematization and completeness each of them is able achieve.
Lexicology studies semantic relationships of words and any formal phonological or grammatical devices by which they may be rendered. It cannot , however, claim any completeness as regards the units themselves, because the number of these units being very great , systematization and completeness could not be achieved simultaneously.
The province of lexicology, on the other hand, is the semantic, formal and functional description of all individual words. Dictionaries aim at more a less complete description, but in doing so cannot attain systematic treatment, so that every dictionary entry presents its problem as it were an independent problem.
Lexicologists present their material in a sequence depending upon their views concerning the vocabulary, whereas lexicographers have to arrange it according to a purely external characteristic, namely, alphabetically.
It goes without saying that neither of these branches of linguistics could develop successfully without the other.
The term dictionary is used to denote a book listing words of a language with their meanings and often with data regarding pronunciation, usage or origin .
There are also dictionaries that concentrate their attention upon only one of these aspects: pronouncing / or phonetical / dictionaries and etymological dictionaries.
For dictionaries in which the words and their definition belong to the same language the term unilingual or explanatory is used, whereas bilingual or translation dictionaries are those that explain words by giving their equivalents in other language. Multilingaul dictionaries are not numerous, they serve chiefly the purpose of comparing synonyms and terminology in various languages.
Both bilingual and unilingual dictionaries can be general and special. General dictionaries represent the vocabulary as a whole with a degree of completeness depending upon the scope and bulk of the book in question.
General dictionaries are contrasted to special dictionaries whose aim is to cover a certain specific part of the vocabulary. Special dictionaries may be further subdivided depending on whether the words are chosen according to the sphere of human activity in which thay are used / technical dictionaries/ , the type of the units themselves / e.g/ phraseological dictionaries/ or the relationships existing between them /e.g. dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms/ etc.
English lexicography is probably the richest in the world with respect to variety and scope of the dictionaries published. The demand for a dictionary is very great.
A dictionary is the most widely used reference book in English homes and business offices Correct pronunciation and spelling are of great importance because they are necessary foe efficient communication.
Etymological dictionaries trace present day words to the oldest forms available, establish their primary meanings by means of comparative-historical method.
Types of dictionaries.
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Unilingual
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Bilingual or mulilingual
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General dictinaries
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Explanatory dictionaries
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English-Russian, Russian –English dictionaries etc.
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General dictinaries
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Dictionaries of abbreviations, antonyms, borrowings, new words, proverbs, homonyms, toponimics
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Dictionaries of scientific and other special terms, dictionaries of abbreviations, phraseology, synonyms etc. with translation into other languages.
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Special dictionaries
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Dictionaries of American English, dialects and slangs.
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Special dictionaries
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Dictinaries of Old English and Middle English with explanation in Modern English.
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Өзін-өзі тексеруге арналған сұрақтар
1/ What does lexicography deal with?
2/ What types of dictionaries do you know?
3/ What are special dictionaries?
4/ What dictionaries do general dictionaries include?
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В. Лексикология английского языка. М., Изд-во дом ,
1999.
2. Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С. A course in Modern English Lexicology. М., 1978
3. Арнольд И.В. .. The English Word. М., 1979
4. Кунин А.В. Фразеология английского языка. М., 1996
5. Зыкова И.В. Практикуи по лексикологии английского языка. М., 2006.
6. David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University
Press, 1994.
Lecture 19.
The Subject matter of Theoretical grammar.
The Object of theoretical grammar. Grammatical forms and grammatical meaning< grammatical category.
Word forms. Morphology. Syntax.
Дәріс тезистері
Pre-normative grammar (William Bullokar's "Brief grammar of English" 1585) is the age of pre-scientific grammar. Normative (prescriptive) grammar (middle of 18th -19th century) stated strict rules of grammatical usage. The most influential grammar of the period was R. Lowth's "Short Introduction to English grammar" 1762. The best prescriptive grammars of this period, like C.P. Manson's "English grammar" (1858) and A. Bain's "Higher English grammar (1863) paved the way for the first scientific grammar of English. Classical scientific grammar appeared after the description of the grammatical system, especially that of syntax, had been completed (the end of 19th century) A need was felt for a scientific explanation of the grammatical phenomena. The appearance of H.Sweet's "New English grammar. Logical and Historical" (1891) met this demand.
English grammars in the 20th century:
The first is from the beginning of the 20th century till the 1940' s, when there were only two types of grammars in use - the prescriptive , the classical scientific, a. Prescriptive grammar in the 20th century changed very little; and some 19th century grammars continued to be reprinted. Among the 20th century prescriptive grammars is a work of J.Nesfield, which underwent a number of editions. J. Nesfield developed the system of members of the sentence . The founders of classical scientific grammar in the Modern period either specialize in syntax or deal with the problem of syntax. Among the authors who specialize is syntax are L.G. Kimball, C.T. Onions.The second is from the 1940's, during which time the first structural grammar appeared, and then other grammars of other types have been added, a. Structural (descriptive) grammarians began treating the problems of the structure of English with the criticism of traditional grammar, A representative of this approach is Ch. Fries. Among American linguists should be mentioned L. Bloomfield, K.L. Pike, and R. Wells, E. Nida, Z.S. Harris and others. Sentence structure was represented in terms of immediate constituents analysis. The generally favorite method of linguistic description became that of description (distributional analysis and substitution). The difference between the traditional and structural approaches is that the former did not rely on this method as a part of explicitly formulated theory. Other grammars: a transformational generative grammar, followed structural linguistics. Its main aim was to find out the mechanisms which account for the generation of a variety of sentences of language out of a kernel sentence. The representative of this grammar is E.Bach "An introduction to transformational grammars" (1964). The representatives of Generative semantics vigorously opposed the notion of «deep structure». They propounded the idea of the semantic level where all the information relevant for the syntactic structure of a sentence is accumulated. The representatives of this grammar are Ch. Fillmore The case for case" (1968), K. Donnellan "Reference and Definite Descriptions (1971). As well as the analysis of the semantic properties of sentences there appeared a new trend - textual Linguistics. Its aim is to provide a formal device needed for theoretical description of discourse. M.A.K. Halliday’s work illustrates an attempt at giving a theoretical basis of textual linguistics .
OBJECT OF THE THEORETICAL GRAMMAR is the language (its structure). The difference between theoretical grammar and practical grammar: a. The purpose of a practical description (Practical .grammar) is to supply the student with the knowledge of the grammatical structure of language in terms of standards of correctness (rules that should be obeyed) as the basis for the creation of the student's general grammatical aptitude, b. A theoretical description (theoretical grammar) is aimed at: 1) elucidating the fundamentals of the grammatical structure of language in accordance with the latest developments in linguistics; 2) initiating the students into most important problems of the grammatical structure of language; 3) developing the students ability to digest scientific information, from judgements of their own and apply their knowledge to their teaching practice. Generally speaking the aim of theoretical grammar is to present a systematic study of the grammatical structure of Modern English and to introduce different views of language.
The main two parts of theoretical grammar are Morphology and Syntax. Morphology deals with morphemes and words their structure and classification. Syntax deals with the phrases, sentences and supra-sentential units.
Language in the narrow sense of the word is a system of means of expression. The structure of various units and the classes they form (paradigmatic relation) are the sphere of language. Alan Gardiner writes: "Language is a collective term , and embraces in its compass all those items of knowledge which enable a speaker to make effective use of word-signs. Speech in the narrow sense should be understood as the manifestation of the system of language in the process of intercourse. The combinations the units form in the process of communication (syntagmatic relations) are the sphere of speech . Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence, e.g.: I gave him an interesting book yesterday. (/ gave - predicative relation, gave a book -objective relation, an interesting book -attributive relation, gave yesterday -adverbial relation). Paradigmatic relations are the relations between elements of the system outside its surroundings, the relation based on formal and functional properties, e.g.: gave -giving, given; gave, took, wrote, (past tense, simple) and so on. The verb "give" is included into a paradigm of all irregular verbs, e.g.: go, give, take, see, etc.
Morphology deals with the structure, classification and combinability of words. Morph is the shortest sequence of phonemes, bearing some definite meaning, indivisible into smaller meaningful segments, and regularly repeated in different expressions: "receive, conceive, perceive, deceive". Many morphs, which have the same meaning and stand in relation of complementary distribution, are called allomorphs: "clear, clearly, clearness, clarity. clarify". The morphs /clear/ and /clar/ have the same meaning «ясность», can be connected only with other definite morphs (clear -/y, clar-iry). so they form one and the same morpheme The smallest meaningful segmental component of the word is the morpheme. Word is a nominative unit of language; it is formed by morphemes; it enters the lexicon as its elementary component (i.e. a component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function); together with other nominative units the word is used for the formation of the sentence - a unit of information in the communicative process . A grammatical word-morpheme is a grammatical morpheme which has the properties of both a word and a grammatical morpheme, which is loosely connected with a lexical morpheme and help to form an analytical form of the word, e.g.: shall speak. Classification of the morpheme:Traditional classification (lexical morpheme) - a division of the word into a root morpheme and derivational morphemes (prefixes, infixes and suffixes).Distributional classification (grammatical morphemes — inflexions). Inflexions express different grammatical meanings and are used to build up different forms of the word thus serving to connect words into coherent utterances.l. On the basis of the degree of self dependence: "free" (boy) -"bound boys);. On the basis of formal presentation . "covert" or "zero"(boy) - "overt(boys) The zero(covert) morpheme is considered to be an implicit grammatical suffix which is not seen in the word, but which we know can be there if we want to create this or that grammatical form of this particular word; .On the basis of linear characteristics "continuous1* (invited) -"discontinuous" (is invited). A discontinuous morpheme consists of a function word and a form-building suffix in a. notional verb or a replacive morpheme,.e.g.: is writing, и spoken , On the basis of grammatical alteration: "additive" (looked) "replacive" (dr-i-ve, dr-o-ve, dr-i-ven); On the basis of segmental relation: segmental (consists of phonemes) - supra-segmental (intonation counters, accents, pauses).Typical features of analytical forms:1, Barkhudarov L.S. - a. The presence of a discontinuous morpheme, b. a unit whose overall meaning is not a mere sum of the meaning of the parts; c. Elements function as a grammatical form of a single word. G.Curme and Deuthcbein treat a combination of a preposition (which is a function word) and a noun as an analytical form because such combinations express the same relation as cases. B.A. Ilysh - a. Comparatively few grammatical inflexions; b. A limited use of morpho-phonemic alteration; c. A wide use of prepositions to connect words into sentences; d. A prominent use of word order to denote grammatical relations. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY.There are ten grammatical categories: tense, voice, aspect, time correlation, mood, number, person, case, gender, degrees of comparison. Grammatical meaning is the significance of a certain relation expressed by a dependent part of a word (inflexion) or a significance of a certain arrangement of elements. E.g.: "time" is grammatical meaning of the grammatical category of tense. Grammatical form is the form of the word which expresses the grammatical meaning, e.g.: "-ed" is the grammatical form (marked form) of the grammatical category of tense. Grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of the paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms. The paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms in a category are expressed by the so-called "grammatical oppositions". Grammatical opposition (in the linguistic sense) may be determined as a generalized correlation of lingual forms by means of which a certain function is expressed. The correlated elements (members) of the opposition must possess two types of features: common features and differential features. Common features serve as the basis of contrast, while differential features immediately express the function in question. In various contextual conditions, one member of an opposition can be used in the position of the other; counter-member. This phenomenon should be treated under the heading of "Oppositional reduction" or "oppositional substitution". The first version of like term ("reduction") points out the fact that the opposition in this case is contracted, losing its formal distinctive force. The second version of the term ("substitution") shows the very process by which the opposition is reduced, namely, the use of one member instead of the other.
The most general notions reflecting the most general properties of phenomena are referred to in logic as "categorial notions", or "categories". The most general meanings rendered by language and expressed by systemic correlations of word-forms are interpreted in linguistics as categorial grammatical meanings. The forms themselves are identified within definite paradigmatic series. The categorial meaning (e.g. the grammatical number) unites the individual meanings of the correlated paradigmatic forms (e.g. singular -plural) and is exposed through them; hence, the meaning of the grammatical category and the meaning of the grammatical form are related to each other on the principle of the logical relation between the categorial and generic notions.
The difference between the grammatical meaning and the grammatical form may be shown as well in the terms of; the plane of the content (meaning) and the plane of expression (form). The plane of content comprises the purely semantic elements contained in language, while the plane of expression comprises the material (formal) units of language taken by themselves, apart from the meaning rendered by them. The two planes are inseparably connected, so that no meaning can be realized without some material means of expression.
a) One form may express different meanings, e.g.:-s/-es renders the grammatical meaning of the third person singular of the verbal present tense (He speaks), the plural of the noun (cases), the possessive form of the noun (Tom's), the absolute form of the pronouns (hers).
b) One meaning may be expressed by several forms, e.g.: Future action may be expressed by the Future indefinite: I’ll look out for him Future Continuous: Now that your assistant's gone you will be looking for someone to do this job. Present Indefinite: What time do we arrive. Present Continuous: We are waiting men to work this week , expression with modal verbs: That ought to be a beauty, expression with "going to...": I'm going to pomp to find Tommy.
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Блох М.М. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.-М. 1983
2. Иофик Л.Л. Чахоян Л.П. Поспелова А.Г. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка
-Л.1981.
3. Кошевая И.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. –М. 1982
4. Вейхман Г.А. Новое в английской грамматике. –М. 2001
5. Мороховская Э.Я. Основы теоретической грамматики английского языка. –Киев. 1981.
6. Мороховская Э.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике. –Л. 1973
Lecture 20. Parts of speech.
1. Classifiaction of parts of speech.
2. Notional and functional parts of speech . Lexical , grammatical and syntactic chracteristics of parts of speech..
Дәріс тезистері
The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes of words are called "parts of speech". Since the word is distinguished not only by grammatical, but also by semantico-lexemic properties, some scholars refer to parts of speech as "lexico-grammatical" series of words, or as "lexico-grammatical categories" Thus a part of speech is a class of lexemes characterised by 1). Its lexico-grammatical meaning, 2) its lexico-grammatical morphemes (stem-building elements), 3) its grammatical categories or its paradigms, 4) its combinability, and 5) its functions in a sentence
There are three criteria of classification of parts of speech: meaning, form and function, distinguished by H.Sweet. Russian linguistics (B Ilysh, M.Y Blokh., L.Jofik) now divide all parts of speech into functional and notional. Nowadays there are distinguished from 12 to 16 parts of speech and even more. They are nouns, verbs, adjective, pronouns, adverbs, numerals, adlinks (the category of state), modal words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections, articles, response words (yes, no) and others. There may be more than 14 parts of speech if we take into account the so-called "function words". The demarcation hue between function words and all other words is not clear.
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Foreign scholars introduce such a term as "determiner", which embraces several lasses of words that modify nouns - the definite and the indefinite articles, the demonstratives, adjectives and pronouns of indefinite number and quantity fttuu].
The difference between notional and functional parts of speech: Notional - 1. Unite words complete nominating meaning,, 2. Have specific morphological categories in the changeability of forms, specific derivational
affixes, 3. Are characterized by independent functions in the sentence and peculiar combinability.
Functional - 1. Unite words of incomplete nominating meaning,
2. Unchangeable, 3.Are characterised by dependent functions in the sentence and specific combinability.
Each part of speech after its identification is further subdivided into subseries in accord ' with various particular semantico-functional and formal features of constituent words. This subdivision is called "subcategorization" or "classes" of parts of speech. Thus nouns are subcategorised into proper and common, animate and inanimate, countable and uncountable, concrete and abstract.
NOUN
Noun -is characterized by the following features: semantically – it has the meaning of substance morphologically , – a) the category of number,case and gender, b) certain word-building suffixes, syntactically- a) performs the function of a subject, object, predicative, attribute, adverbial modifier, b) has specific combinability.
Category of number, the grammatical meaning is oneness and more than oneness. The grammatical category of Number is a linguistic representation of the conceptual category of quantitiveness, which reflects the objective category of Quantity. The category of number is the system of oppositions such as: a girl-girls, foot-feet.Nouns like-milk geometry, self-possession - having no plural opposites are usually called by the Latin name -singularia tantum. Nouns like - outskirts, clothes, goods - having no singular opposites are known as ipluralia tantum.
Category of case of Noun. Case is the category of noun expressing relation between the thing denoted by the noun and other things. Case is the immanent morphological category of the noun manifested in the forms noun declension and showing the relations of the nounal referent to other objects and phenomena.
Different points of view on the problem of the category of case:
Two-case system: 1. Classical - two forms: common case and genitive case. 2. Limited case system (H. Sweet, O .Jespersen, AX Smirnitsky. - genitive -non-genitive. There are several problems connected ~with the genitive case: a) The possibility of forming the genitive case is limited: 1. living beings (The Van der Merwes' farm), 2. nouns denoting units of time (an hour and a half ‘s walk away); b. " -s" is no longer a case inflexion of noun, it may be attached to: 1. the adverb (He went over tomorrow's appointments. 2. the word-group (Mary and John's apartment ), 3, the whole clause (The man I saw yesterday's son), 4. the pronoun (one’s character
Four case system:Theory of positional cases .- Nominative case -Margo rose. The Vocative case - Frank, what are you doing, the Dative case –Give the people any help, The accusative case- Swann paid the bill.Theory of prepositional cases .-the Nominative case, the Accusative case, the Dative case - to + Noun, for + Noun, The Genitive case - of + Noun. No case system (Vorontsova G.N.): The theory of possessive postposition. - somebody else's daughter. The postpositional element ‘s’ is but loosely connected with the noun, preposition ‘of’ is not a morpheme, there is a parallelism of functions between die possessive postpositional constructions and the prepositional constructions, resulting in the optional use of the former -somebody else's daughter -the daughter of somebody else.
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Блох М.М. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.-М. 1983
2. Иофик Л.Л. Чахоян Л.П. Поспелова А.Г. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка
-Л.1981.
3. Кошевая И.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. –М. 1982
4. Вейхман Г.А. Новое в английской грамматике. –М. 2001
5. Мороховская Э.Я. Основы теоретической грамматики английского языка. –Киев. 1981.
6. Мороховская Э.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике. –Л. 1973
Lecture 21. Syntactical combinations and formations.The Sentence. Principles of classification of sentences.
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Word combinations.
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Different types of word combinations and principles of the classification.
Дәріс тезистері
Classification of the phrase according to the structure .Phrases maybe subdivided into two big groups: "elementary" and "compound".Elementary phrases are phrases constitute by one syntactic bond. Elementary are subdivided into simple and "complex". Simple are phrases with only one adjunct, e.g.: uThe outer enemy could, and did, parody it in a hundred ways.", where the word "enemy" is the head-word of only by one adjunct "outer". The type of coordination is the types of complex phrases it's necessary to learn what "adjunct means. The adjunct means words or
phrase added to explain, describe or define another word.
Complex phrases are subdivided into three types:Phrases with an expanded head should contain not less than two adjuncts to the headword, e.g.: " Better a good long sleep an' keep the table spread till Ah waken. . The phrase a good long sleep" consists of the headword "sleep" and two adjuncts "good and long". NB: The head is not considered to be expanded, if it has only one adjunct, it should have two or more.
Phrases with an expanded adjunct should contain at least one adjunct to an adjunct of the headword, e.g.: The water dribbled from". tightly closed lips. In the phrase " tightly closed lips" the headword "lips" has one adjunct " , closed; the adjunct "closed* is modified by its own adjunct "tightly" (closed how? - tightly). The adjunct may have only one word, which it is modified by (another adjunct) to be called expanded.
Phrases with аn expanded head and adjunct should contain at least two adjuncts (o the head-word and one or more adjuncts, which become the head-words to their own adjuncts, e.g.: On a December evening just three weeks before Christmas, after an easily mild day that had died jn a darkening flush of violet twilight . Christy came down ...to look for his long-lost pal, Tommy Flynn . The phrase "a darkening flush of violet twilight", consists of the head-word "flush*' which has two adjuncts "darkening, twilight that is why it may be called "a phrase with an expanded head. The adjunct twilight1 has its own adjunct "violet" that's why the whole phrase is called a phrase with expanded head and adjunct.
Compound are phrases constitute of two or more syntactic bonds:
Coordination and predication, e.g.: This of course caused ears to pick up and ribald comments to form on various lips. . This sentence contains two predicative constructions - "ears to pick up ", "ribald comments to form on vqrious lips" - Objective-with-the-Infinitive constructions. They are connected with the help of the conjunction "and", which indicates the syntactic bond - coordination.
Coordination and subordination e.g.: Three old ladies and one fierce-looking old gentleman raised their heads and gazed at the intruder with deadly venom.. Where the heads "ladies and gentleman are connected coordinately, "three old ladies' and "one fierce-looking old gentleman" are connected subordinately.
Predication and subordination, e.g.: The dog sniffed at it, his intelligent eyes fixed on the man's face. Where "eyes fixed1' is an absolute nominal participial construction, which means that two elements of this construction are connected predicatively, syntactic bond - predication, "his intelligent eyes" and "on the man's face" - subordination. The word "eyes" is the headword, and the words "his, intelligent" are the adjuncts to the headword! In the phrase "on the man's face"" , the headword is "face".
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHRASE ACCORDING TO THE HEAD COMPONENT.According to the head component all phrases maybe subdivided into headed and "non- headed". Headed are phrases containing a headword. Non-headed are phrases, the elements of which are either equal (coordination, cumulation), or stand in a predicative relation to each other (predication). Headed subordinate phrases are subdivided into regressive and, progressive types.
Regressive are phrases the headword of which follows the adjuncts.
1.An adverb phrase, the headword is expressed by an adverb, F.e. Art looked wonderingly at the face so urgently near his.
2. An adjective phrase, the headword is expressed by an adjective, e.g. Pekinese a terribly sensitive-just as sensitive as children.
3.A noun phrase, the headword is expressed by a noun-She suddenly let the conversation end, simply giving him another long, searching enigmatic smile.
Progressive are phrases the headword of which stands before the adjuncts. There are four types of headed subordinate progressive phrases:A noun phrase, the head-word is expressed by a noun. e.g. The slant of the roof, veering toward him so abruptly, must have given an impression of closing in.An adjective phrase, the headword is expressed by an adjective, e.g She was cool enough, and when I said something to her .A preposition phrase, the headword is expressed by a preposition . A verb phrase, the headword is expressed by a verb (or verbal), e.g. Then, indeed, I hardly knew whether I had anything to offer with sincerity .
Non-headed phrases are subdivided into:
1. Non-headed predicative phrases:
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Scholars have different opinions on the notion Primary predication: some of them consider it to be a phrase, others consider it to be a sentence consisting of a subject and predicate. We share the latter opinion, e.g.: So we took him out bye.
-
Secondary predication is a phrase expressed by any predicative construction,
2. Non-headed coordinative phrases are subdivided into syndetically and asyndetically connected phrases, that is according to the presence (syndetical) or absence (asyndetical) of a conjunction between the elements of the phrase:Syndetical,Asyndetical
3.Non-headed cumulative phrases are subdivided into:1.One class phrases are those, which contain adjuncts belonging to the same part of speech. 2.Multi class phrases are those which contain adjuncts belonging to different parts of speech.
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Блох М.М. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.-М. 1983
2. Иофик Л.Л. Чахоян Л.П. Поспелова А.Г. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка
-Л.1981.
3. Кошевая И.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. –М. 1982
4. Вейхман Г.А. Новое в английской грамматике. –М. 2001
5. Мороховская Э.Я. Основы теоретической грамматики английского языка. –Киев. 1981.
6. Мороховская Э.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике. –Л. 1973
Lecture 22. The Sentence. Principles of classification of sentences.
Simple and complex sentences.sentences.
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Sentence. General characteristics.
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Classification of the sentence according to the purpose of the utterance.
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Classification of the sentences according to the structure.
4. Compound sentence. Types of coordination. Complex sentence.
Дәріс тезистері
There are more than 100 definitions of the sentence. Some of them are the following: 1. The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic-pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. 2. The sentence is a communication unit made up of words (and word-morphemes) in conformity with their combinability and structurally united by intonation and predicatively.
Main problems - There is a considerable divergence of opinion among grammarians concerning the analysis of "one-member" and "imperative" sentences. Some scholars do not treat them as sentences, others do treat them as sentences, as unlike the word such sentences do not exist in the system of language as a ready-made unit, they are created by speakers in the course of communication, they are intonationally delimited and are characterized by predication. This discrepancy brings to the necessity to distinguish a sentence, which is always structurally correct, and an utterance, which is not always structurally correct but is still u communicative unit of speech, as its meaning is complete. It happens when language enters into speech, that is when a sentence is used in speech (when it is pronounced) then it becomes an utterance.
1. Sentence is a unit of speech, 2. Sentence is intonationally delimited, 3. Sentence is a predicative unit
Predication - is the expression of the relation of the utterance (sentence) to reality
-
The center of predication in a sentence of verbal type is a finite verb. The finite verb expresses essential predicative meanings by its categorical forms: tense and mood. For example in the sentence – “I hope” I - indicates the person, "hope"- the tense and mood components of predicativity. In the sentence -"Invite me...", there is a one-word predication - invite- containing the mood component of predicatively. The person component is only implied,
-
V.V.Vinogradov insists that predication is effected by:
-
Intonation: Thus, one-member sentences of nominal type like: "Night”', are also predicative units. They are pronounced with proper intonation, they contain the relations to the act of speech, the speaker and reality, as the noun -night- is associated with the third person. When there are no positive indicators of any tense or mood the sentence is understood to contain the least specific of those meaning - indicative mood and the present tense.
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Word order: So uneasy was he that when the next postcard came it came as a relief.
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Different functional words: “just, even”- No, Quite simple, I was just skating .
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Purposes of communication (declaration, interrogation, inducement).
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Modal probability, e.g.: "perhaps, probably, may be, by all means” .
Different principles of classification are based on three main aspects of the sentence:
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The semantic aspect (meaning) - the classification according to the semantic (Actual division).
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The pragmatic aspect (function) - the classification according to the purpose of the utterance.
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The structural aspect (form) - the classification according to the structure.
According to the purpose of the utterance there are four types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory.
According to the structure: simple and composite.
Lecture 26.
Дәріс тезистері
The simple sentence , as any sentence in general, is organized a system of function-expressing positions, the content of the functions reflects a situational event. According to the structure simple sentences are divided into one member and two member sentences. It depends on the using of the main parts of the sentence. A two member sentence has both of them. A one member sentence has only one of them, which is neither the subject nor the predicate.
One member sentences are those ,which have no separate subject and predicate but one part only instead. Such sentences are frequent.
Imperative sentence with no subject of the action mentioned are also to be classed among one member sentences.
The infinitive sentence is also a one member sentence 1.Exclamatory, where the infinitive stands at the beginning with the particle to. 2. Interrogative sentences beginning with the adverb why followed by an infinitive without the particle to and sometimes preceded by the particle not.
Elliptical sentences is also a one member sentence with one or more of their parts left out, which can be inferred from the context. The main sphere of elliptical sentences is dialogue.
The main parts of the sentence.Subject and predicate are the main parts of the sentence. The subject is the principal part of the sentence, which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence , on which the second principal part is dependent, in most cases with the subject in number and person. When the pronoun it is used as the subject of a sentence it may represent a living being or a thing ,then it is a notional subject. If it does not represent any living being or thing, the it is a formal subject.
The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence, which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject.
According to the structure it may be simple and compound. The simple predicate is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form.
The compound predicate consists of two parts a finite verb and some other part of speech. The compound predicate may be nominal or verbal.
The compound nominal predicate consists of link verb and predicative.
The compound verbal predicate is divided into to types according to the meaning of the finite verb: the compound verbal modal predicate and the compound verbal aspect predicate.
The secondary parts of the sentence. The object denotes a thing to which the action passes on, which is the result of the action, or denotes an action as object of another action. There are two terms: direct object and indirect object. The attribute qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character and can be either in pre-position or post position to the word it modifies. The adverbial modifier modifies a part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a verbal noun, an adjective or an adverb and serves to characterize an action or a property as to its quality or intensity. And it serves to indicate the way the action is done, the time, place manner ,cause, result, condition, purpose, with which the action or the manifestation of the quality is connected.
There are two types of composite sentence in ME: compound and complex sentences. A compound sentence consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause is a part of a sentence, which has a subject and a predicate of its own. According to the methods of clauses , composite sentences are divided into syndetic and asyndetic. There are four types of coordination:
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Copulative coordination.
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Disjunctive coordination
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Adversative coordination
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Causative- consecutive coordination.
The Complex sentence. Subordination. In subordination the relation is not equal, one sentence depends on the other. Dependent clauses are joined to the principal clause either by means of conjunctions, or by means of pronoun and adverbs. Subordinate clauses complete the sense or take the place the parts of principal clause. Accordingly they may be classified as subject, predicative, object, attributive( attributive appositive and attributive relative), adverbial clauses (of place, time, cause, condition, manner).
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Блох М.М. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.-М. 1983
2. Иофик Л.Л. Чахоян Л.П. Поспелова А.Г. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка
-Л.1981.
3. Кошевая И.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. –М. 1982
4. Вейхман Г.А. Новое в английской грамматике. –М. 2001
5. Мороховская Э.Я. Основы теоретической грамматики английского языка. –Киев. 1981.
6. Мороховская Э.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике. –Л. 1973
Lecture 23. The Syntax of the Text.
The Sentence. Principles of classification of sentences.
Дәріс тезистері
The Text. It is a structural and semantic unit used in language communication. The text has a minimal borderline – it always contains no less than two components- complete sentences, simple or composite , as a text always presupposes the existence of certain cohesion between the components -utterances. Besides complete utterances the text may also contain special connections, mainly conjunctions, which help to organize utterances into a text. A very important role in the text is played by parenthesis. Parenthetical matter may be expressed by; a word , a phrase, a clause.
There are two principal types of texts: the monologue and the dialogue.
Text connective means. The main means is the order of the elements.
In a monologue each succeeding utterance within the paragraph is supposed to be a continuation , a development of ideas expressed in the previous part of the text.
In a dialogue the words of the preceding speaker are understood as a cue to which the words of the next speaker are kind of response or answer. Another means of connection are : conjunctions, articles, pronouns which are used as anaphoric connectors.
Text expressive means. Different syntactical means can be used for making the sentence and the text more emphatic. The main one is inverted word order. Its communicative aim is to lay particular stress on the idea expressed by a component of the syntactic structure:1. to draw the attention of the reader or listener 2. to emphasize the circumstances of the action.
Punctuation. In the written text punctuation marks have the following functions.
-
The comma is to separate:
-words and phrases in a series
-clauses of a compound sentence
-subordinate adverbial clause from its principal etc.
2.The semicolon separates
-two coordinate in a sentence not joined by a conjunction
-two clauses when they have commas within clause.
3. The colon is used after an introduction to a long quotation, a list or an enumeration
4. The hyphen is used between:
-two or more words serving as a single adjective or attribute before a noun
- the components of a compound cardinal numeral
5. The dash is used :
- to indicate an abrupt change of thought
-to set off lengthy appositive expressions containing commas
6. The quotation mark is used to enclose:
-direct quotations
-phrases when the writer desires to call attention to them
-the titles of books, articles, etc.within the text.
7. Thefull stop is placed at the end of the declarative sentence.
The majority of punctuation marks depend on the will of the writer.
Punctuation is not in itself part of the grammatical structure, but it has its grammatical significance , it is connected with its phonetic layer, namely intonation.
Ұсынылған әдебиеттер
1. Блох М.М. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.-М. 1983
2. Иофик Л.Л. Чахоян Л.П. Поспелова А.Г. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка
-Л.1981.
3. Кошевая И.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. –М. 1982
4. Вейхман Г.А. Новое в английской грамматике. –М. 2001
5. Мороховская Э.Я. Основы теоретической грамматики английского языка. –Киев. 1981.
6. Мороховская Э.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике. –Л. 1973
3 КУРСТЫҚ ЖҰМЫС
3.1 КУРСТЫҚ ЖҰМЫС тақырыптары
3.1.1 Глагольные фразеологизмы английского языка
Ағылшын тіліндегі етістікпен жасалған фразеологизмдер
3.1.2. Омонимия в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі омонимдер
3.1.3 Семантико-структурные особенности пословиц и поговорок в английском язык. Ағылшын тіліндегі мақал- мәтелдердің семантикалық- құрылымдық ерекшеліктері
3.1.4 Многочленные аттрибутивные словосочетания в английском языке и особенности их перевода. Ағылшын тіліндегі көпмүшелі аттрибутивті сөзтіркестері және оларды аудару ерекшеліктері
3.1.5 Категория рода в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі род категориясы
3.1.6 Внутренний синтаксис сложных слов. Құрмалас сөздердің ішкі синтаксисі
3.1.7 Особенности структуры словосочетания в современном английском языке. Қазіргі ағылшын тіліндегі сөзтіркестері құрылымының ерекшеліктері
3.1.8 Особенности структуры сложного предложения в современном английском языке. Қазіргі ағылшын тіліндегі құрмалас сөйлем құрылымының ерекшеліктері
3.1.8 Соматическая лексика в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі соматикалық лексика
3.1.9. Топонимика в идиомах английского языка. Ағылшын тіліндегі идиомалардағы топонимдер
3.1.10 Лексико-грамматическая характеристика газетных заголовков в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі газет тақырыптарының лексико-грамматикалық сипаттамасы
3.1.11 Особенности терминологической лексики, используемой в системе образования в Британии. Ұлыбританиядағы оқу жүйесінде қолданылатын терминологиялық лексиканың ерекшеліктері
3.1.12 Интернациональные и псевдоинтернациональные слова в переводе. Аудармадағы интернационалды және псевдринтернационалды сөздер
3.1.13 Авторские неологизмы в английских художественных произведениях. Ағылшын тіліндегі көркем шығармалардағы авторлық неологизмдер
3.1.14 Видо-временные формы английских глаголов. Ағылшын тіліндегі етістіктердің шақтық формалары
3.1.15 Неличные формы глагола. Етістіктің жақсыз түрлері
3.1.16 Употребление модальных глаголов в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі модальды етістіктердің қолданылуы
3.1.17 Антонимы в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі антонимдер
3.1.28 Метафора в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі метафора
3.1.19 Идиомы английского языка. Ағылшын тіліндегі идиомалар
3.1.20 Словообразовательные модели неологизмов в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі неологизмдердің сөзжасам модельдері
3.1.21 Вариантность слов и фразеологических единиц в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі фразеологиялық бірліктер мен сөздердің варианттылығы
3.1.22 Исконно английские слова в лексической системе.Лексика жүйесіндегі түпкілікті (таза) ағылшын сөздері
3.1.23 Проблемы перевода фразовых глаголов. Фразалық етістіктерді аудару ерекшеліктері
3.1.24 Слова термины в лексике. Лексикадағы термин сөздер
3.1.25 Фразеологические синонимы в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі фразеологи ялық синонимдер
3.1.26 Архаизмы и их место в лексической системе. Архаизмдер мен олардың лексика жүйесіндегі орны
3.1.27 Глагольные системы в английском и русском языках. Ағылшын және орыс тілдеріндегі етістіктер жүйесі
3.1.28 Способы перевода фразеологических единиц с английского на русский язык. Фразеологиялық бірліктерді ағылшын тілінен орыс тіліне аудару тәсілдері
3.1.29 Заимствованная банковская терминология в английском языке. Ағылшын тіліндегі банк саласына қатысты кірме сөздер
3.1.30 Глагольные фразеологические единицы в английском и казахском (русском) языках\Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі етістіктік фразеологиялық бірліктер
3.1.31 Слова-реалии в лексической системе английского языка. Ағылшын тілдіндегі сөз жүйесіндегі реалии сөздер
3.1.32 Структурно- семантическая природа фразеологических единиц с компонентами зоонимами в английском и казахском (русском) языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі құрамында зоонимдері бар фразеологиялық бірліктердің семантикалық- құрылымдық ерекшеліктері
3.1.33 Англо-русские (казахские) параллели фразеологизмов. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі парралельді фразеологизмдер
3.1.34 Языковая природа эпитета в английском и казахском (русском) языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі эпитетттің тілдік ерекшелігі
3.1.35 Фразеологические единицы с соматическими компонентами в английском и русском (казахском) языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі соматикалық компоненттері бар фразеологиялық бірліктер
3.1.36 Заимствованные слова в лексической системе английского языка.
3.1.37 Фразеологическая активность имен существительных в английском и казахском (русском) языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі зат есімдердің фразеологиялық белсенділігі
3.1.38 Сопоставительный анализ фразеологических единиц с названиями частей тела. Дене мүшелері атауларымен келетін фразеологиялық бірліктердің салыстырмалы талдауы
3.1.39 Национально-культурная специфика пословиц и поговорок в английском и казахском (русском) языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі мақал- мәтелдеріндегі ұлттық-мәдени ерекшелігі
3.1.40 Структурные особенности сложных предложений в английском языке. Ағылшын тілдіндегі құрмалас сөйлемдердің структуралық ерекшеліктері
3.1.41 Метафорическая природа фразеологизмов в лингвистике (на материале
английского, русского, казахского языков). Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі материал негізінде) лингвистикадағы метафоралық фразеологизмдер
3.1.42 Фразеологизмы с компонентами числительными в английском и казахском (русском) языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі сан есімді фразеологизмдер
3.1.43 Конверсия как один из продуктивных способов словообразования в английском языке Ағылшын тілінде конверсия сөз жасамның өнімді түрі
3.1.44 Национальные и культурные особенности пословиц и поговорок в английском и казахском языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі мақал- мәтелдеріндегі ұлттық-мәдени ерекшелігі
3.1.45 Глагольные фразеологические единицы в английском и русском языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі
3.1.46 Конверсия как один из продуктивных способов словообразования в английском
языке.
3.1.47 Ағылшын тілінде полисемия.
3.1.48 Структурно-семантические особенности фразеологических антонимов в английском и казахском языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі фразеологиялық антонимдардың құрылымдық- семантикалық ерекшеліктері
3.1.49 Заимствованные слова в лексической системе английского языка. Ағылшын т ілі лексика жүйесіндегі кірме сөздер
3.1.50 Фразеологические единицы с компонентами прилагательными. Сын есімді фразеологиялық бірліктер
3.1.51 Слова-реалии в составе фразеологизмов английского языка. Ағылшын т ілі разеологизмдер құрамындағы реалий сөздер
3.1.52 Структурно-семантическая природа фразеологических единиц с компонентами зоонимами в английском и казахском языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі құрамында зоонимдері бар фразеологиялық бірліктердің семантикалық- құрылымдық ерекшеліктері
3.1.53 Англо-русские (казахские) параллели фразеологизмов. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі парралельді фразеологизмдер
3.1.54 Языковая природа эпитета в английском и казахском языках. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі эпитетттің тілдік ерекшелігі
3.1.55 Фразеологическая активность имен существительных в английском и казахском языках.Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі зат есімдердің фразеологиялық белсенділігі
3.1.56 Сопоставительный анализ фразеологических единиц с названиями частей тела. Дене мүшелері атауларымен келетін фразеологиялық бірліктердің салыстырмалы талдауы
3.1.57 Структурные особенности сложных предложений в английском языке.
3.1.58 Метафорическая природа фразеологизмов в лингвистике (на материале
английского, казахского, русского языков). ). (Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі материал негізінде) лингвистикадағы метафоралық фразеологизмдер
3.1.59 Фразеологизмы с компонентами числительными в английском и казахском (русском) языках. Сан есімді фразеологиялық бірліктер
3.1.60 Фразеологические единицы с соматическими компонентами в английском и Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі соматикалық компоненттері бар фразеологиялық бірліктер
3.1.61 Артикуляционный и акустический аспекты звуков речи английского и родного языка. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдеріндегі тіл дыбыстарының артикуляциялық және акустикалық аспектілері
3.1.62 Особенности артикуляционной базы английского и родного языка. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдерінінің артикуляциялықбазасының ерекшеліктері
3.1.63 Основные особенности фонетической структуры английского и родного языка. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілінің фонетикалық құрылымының негізгі ерекшеліктері
3.1.64 Фонологичекий аспект звуков речи английского языка. Ағылшын тіл дыбыстарының фонологиялық аспекті
3.1.65 Основные особенности слоговой структуры английского и родного языка. Ағылшын және орыс, қазақ тілдерінің буын құрылысының негізгі ерекшеліктері
3.1.66 Ударение как основной элемент фонетической структуры языка. Екпін тілдің фонетикалық құрылымының ең негізгі элементі
3.1.67 Безударный вокализм англиского языка. Ағылшын тіліндегі екпінсіз дауыстылар
3.1.68 Особенности интонационной структуры английского языка. Ағылшын тіліндегі интонациялық құрылымның ерекшеліктері
3.2 Курстық жұмысты орындау жөніндегі әдістемелік нұсқаулар
Жоғары оқу орындарында аудармашы мамандарды кәсіби даярлау теориялық курстар мен тілді практикалық тұрғыдан меңгерумен қатар студенттерді негізгі пәндердің біреуінен ғылыми-зерттеу жұмысына бағыттауды да қарастырады.
Курстық жұмыс-оқылатын негізгі пәндердің белгілі бір мәселесі бойынша өздік зерттеу жұмысы. Курстық жұмыс жазу студенттердің теориялық пәндерден алған білімдерін жүйелеп, тереңдетуге және ғылыми ойлауды дамытуға, ғылыми-зерттеу саласында дағдылануға, теориялық білімдерін практикалық тапсырмаларды шешуде тиімді қолдану дағдыларына көмектеседі.
Курстық жұмыстың негізгі мақсаты: студенттердің ғылыми әдебиетпен жұмыс істеу дағдыларын қалыптастыру, зерттеу мәселесі бойынша әдебиеттерге шолу жасау, әртүрлі көзқарастарды салыстырып талдау, қорытындылау мен өздік жұмыс дағдыларын қалыптастырып,үзіліссіз білім алу мен өздігінен үйрету білімін жетілдіру жағдайында өзінің кәсіби деңгейін көтеруге үйрету.
Жоғарыда көрсетілген мақсаттарға жету үшін студенттер курстық жұмыс жазу барысында келесі тапсырмаларды шешуге тиіс:
а) курстық жұмыс тақырыбын таңдау;
б) таңдалған тақырып бойынша ғылыми әдебиетпен танысу ;
в) таңдалған тақырып бойынша ғылыми әдебиетпен танысу барысында алынған ғылыми білімді талдап, жүйелеу;
г) алынған ғылыми білімді практика жүзінде қолдану.
Курстық жұмысты даярлау әдістемесі мен кезеңдері
а) курстық жұмыс тақырыбын таңдау;
б) зерттеу тақырыбымен жұмысты жоспарлау;
в) зерттеу жүргізу әдістерін анықтау;
г) зерттеу тақырыбы бойынша әдебиеттерді зерттеу;
д) теориялық курста алынған білімді тереңдету мақсатында зерттеу жұмысын жүргізу ;
е) зерттеу нәтижелерін қорытындылау;
ж) алынған теориялық білімді практика жүзінде қолдану.
Зерттеу тақырыбы бойынша жұмысты жоспарлау
Курстық жұмыс тақырыбын таңдап алғаннан кейін студент пен оқытушы оны жазу жұмысын жоспарлайды. Ондай жоспардың үлгі пункттері: таңдау, сыни талдау, проект тақырыбы бойынша ғылыми материалдарды жүйелеу және қорытындылау, курстық жұмысты жоспарлау, атап айтқанда бекітілген жоспарға сай жазу, өңделген теориялық материалды практика жүзінде қолдануға тырысу.
Зерттеу жүргізу әдістерін анықтау
Диплом жұмысына қарағанда курстық жұмыстың айырмашылығы маңызды ғылыми нәтиже алуға негізделмесе де, ғылыми зерттеу жұмысын жүргізу дағдыларын дағдыландыруға негізделген жәнеғылыми зерттеудің кейбір негізгі төмендегідей элементтерін қолдануды қажет етеді:
-
зерттеу тақырыбы бойынша әдебиеттерді зерттеу әдісі
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Бақылау және талдау әдісі;
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Анкета жүргізу;
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эксперимент;
-
тестілеу;
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статистикалық әдіс т.б.
Зерттеу тақырыбы бойынша әдебиеттерді зерттеу
Таңдалған тақырып бойынша ғылыми әдебиетпен танысу курстық жұмыс жазудың бастапқы да негізін қалаушы кезеңі болып табылады. Бұл кезеңде студенттаныса оқу мен талдай, түсіне оқу дағдыларын дамытады. Зерттеу тақырыбының маңызды аспектілерін толығырақ көрсете білу үшін курстық жұмысты жазуға негіз болатын басты әдебиетті таңдауға көп көңіл бөлген жөн. Курстық жұмысты белгілі талаптарға сай жазу үшін тақырыпты ашуға көмектесетін 10-15 маңызды библиографиялық әдебиетттермен танысып шығу керек.
Әдебиетттермен жұмыс істеудің төмендегі үлгісі ұсынылады:
1. Құрылымы жөнінде жалпы түсінік алу және онда қандай мәселелер қарастырылатынын білу үшін әдебиетті қарап шығу қажет.
2. Жұмысты мұқият оқып шығып таңдалған тақырыпқа қатыстының бәрін жазып алу керек.
Жазып алудың негізгі тәсілдері:
Жоспар құру, тезис, конспект, аннотация жасау. Оқу барысында пайда болған ойларды да жазып алу ұсынылады. ,
Жазбаны дәптерде емес, бөлек- бөлек карточкаларда жүргізген дұрыс. Бұл- жазбаны қажет уақытында табуды жеңілдететін тәсіл. Карточкада цитаталар, аннотация, автордың фамилиясы, еңбегінің аты, шыққан жылы, жері, беттері, библиографиялық шифр жазылады. Осының барлығы студентке жұмыс жазу барысында , әдебиетті қайта қарастырғанда үлкен көмегін тигізеді.
Ғылыми зерттеу жұмысын жүргізу Курстық жұмыс тұрғысынан алатын болсақ, ғылыми зерттеу жұмысын жүргізу дегеніміз ең бастысы сыни талдау, негізгі библиографиялық әдебиеттерден алынған материалдарды жүйелеу, қорытындылау, өз бетінше бақылаулар жасай білу және оларды қорытындылай білу.
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