А агонистическое поведение agonistic behaviour
котерия (луговых собачек) coteria лидерство в
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котерия (луговых собачек) coteria лидерство в ~ leadership The dominant silverback in a gorilla group usually adopts a special stance before an integrated troop movement, and the other members then follow him. матриархальная matriarchal group (with matrilineal relationshhips) молодых особей juvenile group многосамцовая multi-male group, multi-male troop напряжённость отношений внутри ~ intra-group strife and tension община социальных насекомых см. односамцовая one-male group основанная на равноправии особей (эгалитарная) egalitarian society прайд (львов) pride разросшаяся семья extended-family group расщепление ~ group fission родичей kin group самцовая разновозрастная age-graded male troop семейная close knit-group слияние ~ groups fusion сложность структурная ~ structural complexiti of the social group стая см. стадо см. социальная ячейка society структура ~ group structure ток см густой thick, dense; luxuriant, lush (растительность); soupy (туман) ~ лес dense forest ~ трава thick grass Д двигательный motive, motor, motorial двигаться move, advance (вперед) ~ решительно advance determinedly движение см. телодвижения движения выразительные expressive movements ~ с помощью лицевых мышц facial expression деградировать deteriorate дезертирование desertion, abandontment High percentage of nest failures were due to their abandonment by parents дем deme демография demography демонстрация display, advertisement The species-specific characteristics of using a particular form of displays are closely connected with the expressiveness of the signal behaviour of a species, which is in turn determined by the height of the thresholds for a particular actions execution. The crest serves to exaggerate the visual effect of a pronounced rapid movement used in the ceremony of inter-male greeting, namely, the bobbing of the head.
The speed at which the units of dislay is performed in their sequence is the cadence of the dispay тонкие детали ~ individual mannerisms дерево tree; wood; arbor The crown stratum formed by canopies of trees is generally very discontinuous , except in more dense forest-like stands mainly along rivers and wooded dongas. In the case of single trees or small groups of isolated trees coverage was (цифровое значение)
Hawks and owls hold large prey with their feet, but shrikes, with their passerine feet, appear ill-equipped to do so. дериват derivative, offshot All the populations inhabiting the Arctic are offshoots of southern peoples. дефекация defecation деятельность activity, performance ~ человека human activity высшая нервная ~ higher nervous activity нервно-психическая ~ neuro-psychic activity рефлекторная ~ reflex activity хозяйственная ~ agro-industrial activity диморфизм dimorphism обратный половой ~ reversed sex dimorphism половой ~ sex dimorphism, sexual dimorphism; сезонный ~ seasonal dimorphism диморфный dimorphic, dimorphous динамика dynamics ~ популяции population dynamics ~ численности dynamics of abundance, population dynamics сезонная ~ seasonal dynamics дискомфорт discomfort дискретность discontinuity ~ растительного покрова discontinuity of vegetation дистанция distance ~ бегства flight distance индивидуальная ~ individual distance; удерживать ~ maintain individual distance дисфункция disfunction дифференциальный differential смертность ~ differential mortality дичь game, wildlife; wild fowl боровая ~ upland fowl водоплавающая ~ waterfowl крупная ~ big game мелкая ~ small game пернатая ~ fowl, wild fowl, game birds, feather game длина length ~ дня day length ~ тела length of the body; всего тела total length (у рептилий) snout-vent value длительность duration длительный prolonged, lasting добыча prey; kill, capture; take (in hunting); поджидать добычу lie in wait for the prey ~ на единицу промыслового усилия catch per unit effort оставаться с ~ (кормясь на ней) stay with kill Leopard stayed with a kill for 2-3 days. доминирование dominance, domination cм.также иерархия социальная, ранг социальный "Dominance" has in fact been measured in many different ways—in terms of some aspect of agonistic behaviour, in terms of priority of access to an incentive such as food or a mate, or in terms of the part played in some other type of interaction such as social grooming. запаздывающее ~ delayed dominance обратимое ~ shifting dominance Dominance has the nature of an intervening variable. ступенчатое ~ top dominance достигать attain, reach Under such circumstances the Finschs Wheatear shares its living space with the Isabelline Wheatear, although it never attains there numbers and density comparable with those of the latter species, which is an indigenous inhabitant of such arid plains. The ontogeny of cricket killing in Loggerhead Shrikes requires about three days, at one encounter per day, to reach a stage of proficiency such that capture is almost immediate.
Sclerophyllous scrub includes maquis and garrigue. жизненный vital форма ~ life form см. также образ жизни жизнеобеспечение life support, life sustenance жизнеспособность vitality, viability жизнеспособный viable жизнестойкий hardy, tough, enduring жизнь life внутриутробная ~ antenatal life внеутробная ~ extrauterine life, postnatal life продолжительность ~ life duration ожидаемая продолжительность ~ life expectancy жить live см. также существовать З забота care, caregiving behaviour ~ обоих родителей biparental care ~ о потомстве caregiving behaviour, parental care материнская ~ maternal care отцовская ~ male parental care, paternal care родительская см. родительское поведение заботиться take care забрасывать cast, throw; см. покидать, пренебрегать заброшенный abandoned зависеть depend (on) зависимость dependence взаимная ~ interdependence зависящий dependent ~ от плотности density dependent задержать, задерживать hold (напр,. дыхание); см. отсрочивать, препятствовать задержка delay, arrest; см. сдерживание заключать в (вставлять, вделывать) embed, imbed законодательство природоохранное wildlife legislation правовой контроль legal control статья закона the new wildlife act has come into force заложить establish (напр., сад) см. также основывать, устанавливать запасание hoarding, storing кладовые cache, larders место ~ storage location ~ корма, пищи food storing, food caching запасы resources возвращение к ~ retrieve stores запах smell, odor, odour, scent ~ колони colony odour запечатлевание imprinting см. также импринтинг ~ корма food imprinting ~ места locality imprinting ~ привязанности filial imprinting ~ стимула реакции следования filial imprinting ~ песни song imprinting обонятельное ~ olfactory imprinting половое ~ sexual imprinting заселять populate, occupy, settle, pioneer затраты expenditure ~ энергии expenditure of energy for захват seizing см. хватать ~ добычи capture of prey захват (обхват самки самцами амфибий) amplexus защищать protect, defend, guard звук sound см. биоакустика, сигнал звуковой издавать ~ emit sound, utter sound, produce sound темп ровторения ~ «зеркальце» (на птичьем крыле) speculum, spot
During this circling, the bodys inclination relative to the ground changes from small to considerable and vice versa. Mulberries Morus make up a considerable proportion of the diet from the end of May onwards.
Males showing preferences for the same females at high numbers, as well as all males at low numbers organized themselves into absolute social hierarchies that were independent of locality or time. In contrast, all owners organized themselves into relative social hierarchies depending on the locality where the agonistic encounters took place, the neighbourhood of the females as well as the females reproductive state. аутсайдер outsider деспотическая ~ despotic dominance hierarchy доминант dominant individual, high-ranging individual, α-individual доминантная пара особей dominant pair, α-breeding pair доминирование social dominance доминирование территориальное territorial dominance линейная ~ linear hierarchy подвижная ~ unstable hierarchy подчинение submission, subordination подчинённый subordinate individual по праву третировать нижестоящих по рангу безнаказно uniderrectional peck-right по праву третировать нижестоящих по рангу с веротностью ответных действий peck-dominance «по праву сильнейшего из двух» straight-line peck-order по принципу треугольника triangle relations, triangles разветвлённая branching собственная ~ в каждом поло-возрастном секторе группировки separate hierarchy for each sex-age class с протекцией родичей nepotistic dominance hierarchy Maternal rank inheritance by female cercopithecines with nepotistic dominance hierarchies степень жесткости ~ extent of the social hierarchy rigidity избегание avoidance, avoidance behaviour, avoidant behaviour; evasion Striking examples of this avoidance behaviour, which I termed a “mutual avoidance reaction”, were recorded by tracking the animals. Dispersal is primarily due to the avoidance of occupied or crowded (перенаселенный) ground by potential settlers. Midway in the 1965-66 season, it became apparent that lions were avoiding close contact with one another. In this system of parceling (подразделение) living space, avoidance play as important part as attack. He had made no attempt to challenge the male transient apparently he purposely avoided contact once he became aware (стал осведомлен) of the young male presence. ~ хищника predator evasion обусловленное см. условно-рефлекторное условно-рефлекторное ~ conditioned avoidance избегать avoid, избежать см. ускользать избирательность f selective ability, selectivity избирательный a elective, selective избыток excess избыточность redundancy изменчивость variability, variation ~ признака variability of character внутривидовая ~ intraspecific variation внутрипопуляционная ~ intrapopulation variation возрастная ~ age variation, age variability географическая ~ geographic variation групповая ~ group variation дискретная ~ discrete variation индивидуальная ~ individual variation епрерывная ~ continuous variation, continuous variability прерывистая ~ discontinuous variation, discontinuous variability скрытая ~ cryptic variation, cryptic variability случайная ~ chance variation фенотипическая ~ phenotypic variation экологическая ~ ecological variation изменчивый variable изменять change; modify; vary; ( частично) alter ~ состояние render; активировать, активизировать render active изменяться vary, variate, change изолят isolate географический ~ geographic isolate периферический ~ marginal isolate изоляции репродуктивной механизмы isolating mechanisms генетическая genetic isolation посткопуляторная postmating isolation прекопуляторная premating isolation экологическая ecological isolation этологичесая ethological isolation изоляция isolation географическая ~ geographic isolation пространственная ~spatial isolation, isolation by distance репродуктивная ~ reproductive isolation икра пелагическая ~ pelagic eggs иметь have; также служебный глагол Having exchanged (русск. деепричастие прош. вр.:см. предисловие) their original forest habitats for open landscapes, the pioneer species proceeded to spread along two main routes. Some of the species have extended their ranges south from African tropical forests into open arid regions of South Africa. Species of undoubtedly African origin has, by expanding along two different routes – through Iceland and Greenland in the west and across the Bering Strait in the east, penetrated into the New World. This ancestral species had adapted to living in savannas and steppes, but nevertheless succeeded in colonizing new areas in North Africa, Arabia and the Middle East. This colonization may have taken place (могла предположительно, иметь место) in the period when suitable habitats for the species became predominant in these regions. These mutual displays have never been observed to lead to copulation in this species. иметь дело (обращаться) с чем-нибудь deal In all the cases discussed we are dealing with so-called allopatric forms whose breeding ranges are not contiguous, but rather situated well apart from each other. Many non-raptorial birds deal with large food items by beating them vigorously prior to swallowing.
The cold air can carry very little water vapor, even is the relative humidity is high, and the evaporation from the frozen sea is very slight. испытывать test см. также проверять исследование полевое survey These least-known areas remained biologically untouched until our expedition. All the nearest localities had been surveyed for bird life. This task involves locating specific areas, or search sites within each survey block for placing and running sign transects. Once a survey location is identified, delineate possible survey blocks in which sign transects can be located. This task is best accomplished by reviewing topographic maps, and noting the location of areas below 5,000 to 4,500 m in elevation. I covered much territory on foot for many hours daily excursions. Some 340 manhours of travelling were devoted to the grasslands and forest edge, and the remainder to various kinds of forest and along the edges of heavily wooded streams. During the survey made (conducted) by author ... рекогносцировка reconnoitering (by vehicle), reconnaissance схема маршрута itinerary исследовательский exploratory исследовать research, explore, investigate, examine источник source ~ изменчивости source of variation итерация iteration К каменоломня quarry камуфляж camouflage см. криптический ~ как хищническая стратегия ambush behaviour выбор маскирующего субстрата matching background, crypsis искажение контура тела contour disguise неподвижность being motionless расчленяющая окраска disruptive coloration скрадывающая противотень counter-shading кладка clutch, egg mass; см. откладка яиц величина ~ clutch-size яйцо в ~, откладываемое предпоследним penultimate egg классифицировать classify, categorize клюв bill, beak крючковатый ~ hooked bill мандибула upper beak, mandible максилла lower beak, maxilla когнитивные функции cognitive functions замысел intention концептуализация conceptualization познавательные способности cogniton проникновение в психику другой особи theory of mind (mental state of others attribution) самоосознание self-awareness когорта cohort код code кодекс code Международный ~ зоологической номенклатуры International code of zoological numenclature кодирование coding, encoding количество quantity, amount обильное ~ copious amounts колония colony ~ гнездовая птиц ~ breeding colony ~ гнездовая птиц, смешанная mixed colony ~ грачей, пингвинов и морских птиц, гнездящихся на скалах rookery ~ многолетняя (напр., у летучих мышей) ~ perennial colony ~ плотно населё нная dense colony ~ разреженная loose colony ~ муравьев см. община социальных насекомых периферия ~ periphery of colony cубколония subcolony наземных беличьих coterie, ward тётушка (в яслях см.) aunt центр ~ centre (center) of colony эпицентр ~ epicentre of colony ясли crêche колония бактерий bacterial clump колония простейших protozoan colony кольцевание ringing, banding ~ птиц birdbanding цветными кольцами color ringing Most autumn recoveries (повторные находки) of birds ringed throughout Europe are from this area коммуна commune, communal group см. также кооперативное размножение группировка из нескольких моногамных пар (у птиц) unit composed of several monogamous pairs Several unrelated adult pairs build a single communal nest and all females contribute eggs. Incubation and nestling care are shared by all members of the group. группировка с одной моногамной α-парой dominance-based monogamous unit дежурный при выводке (у млекопитающих) baby-sitter общее гнездо (у птиц) communal nest общее убежище (у млекопитающих) communal den промискуитетная группировка (у птиц) promiscuous unit сторож sentinel коммуникативное поведение communication behaviour агонистическое см. брачное courtship behaviour, mating behaviour, rutting behaviour, consort behaviour демонстрационное ~ display behaviour см. демонстрации вербальное verbal behaviour ритуализированное ritualized behaviour коммуникация communication см. также сигнал, семиотика ~ при посредстве языков-посредников artificial communication вербальная ~ verbal communication избыточность в ~ redundancy невербальная ~ nonverbal communication процесс ~ communicative process сигнал cм. система видоспецифическая species-specific communication system система ~ закрытая ~ closed communication system система ~ иску сственная n см. ~ при посредстве языков-посредников система ~ открытая open communication system содержание сообщения message meaning средства ~ means of communication комплект (complete) set комфортное поведение comfort behaviour, maintenance activity , body care activities аллогруминг allogruming аллопрининг allopreening купание bathing пылевых ванн принятие dusting солнечных ванн (см.) принятие потягивание stretching почёсывание scratching отряхивание shaking зевание yawning груминг grooming прининг preening компромисс compromise, trade-off затрат-выигрыша ~ cost-benefit trade-off The most obvious costs of singing are hunger and predation. Evidence for trade-off between energy demands and singing is quite good. There is also some circumstantial evidence that willow tit males face high predation costs while singing at dawn. конечность limb задняя ~ hindlimb задняя нога hindleg передняя ~ forelimb передняя нога foreleg конкурент competitor конкурентный competitive ~ взаимоисключения принцип competitive exclusion principle конкурентоспособность competitive ability конкуренция competition ~ активностей behavioural final common path ~ за пищу competition for food ~ за полового партнера competition for sex partner, mate selection ~ за пространство competition for space см. рассредоточение особей, территория ~ спермы sperm competition внутривидовая ~ intraspecific competition интерференционная ~ intereference competition, encounter competition межвидовая ~ interspecific competition эксплуатационная ~ exploitation competition, consumptive competition, amensalism консумматорное поведение см. фиксированная схема действий контакт contact назо-анальный ~ naso-anal contact назо-назальный ~ naso-nasal contact социальный ~ social contact Migrating parties of the Eskimos maintain contact back as far west as the Bering Sea and south to Norton Sound, and even crossed the Bering Strait. конфликт conflict ~ типа « избегание – избегание» eth avoidance-avoidance conflict ~ типа «приближение – избегание» eth approach-avoidance conflict ~ типа «приближение – приближение» eth approach-approach conflict ~ родителей и потомства socbiol parent-offspring conflict коооперация cooperation Both spider species exhibit cooperative web construction, capture and utilization of prey, indiscriminate brood care, and colony permanence. ~ в работе sharing of work кооперативное размножение m cooperative breeding см. также расселение вакансия на статус производителя в группе breeding vacancy in group, opening for breeding positions If the annual production of young in such a habitat is, on the average, higher than the annual mortality rate of breeders, then the best option for nonbreeding individuals would be to stay in the natal territory and wait for openings (e.g. by means of inheriting the territory or part of it). The few interflock movements were associated with specific openings for breeding positions or were related to the disruption of a flock due to mortality of one or more key members
Given the low turnover of local ppulation of this species, juveniles can be retained indefinitely in their parents territory, as the option to disperse and search for a territorial vacancy is unlikely to succeed. Thus, for juveniles, the ecological and demographic environment poses a quite restricted dispersal option. Social limitation may be related to an individuals ability to form alliances to compete successfully with other groups for breeding positions
Florida Scrub Jays, which are habitat-restricted species , exhibit cooperative breeding. единство группы group cohesion, group cohesiveness кооперативно размножающаяся группировка f cooperative breeding unit, commune местообитание насыщенное n saturated habitat Habitat saturation occurs when all usable habitat in an area is filled with breeding pairs. местообитание, ограниченное по площади n spatially restricted habitat Temporally stable, but spatially restricted, habitat of high quality with extensive adjoining areas of marginal habitat. Thus, there was a very low ratio of marginal to optimal habitat. наследование территории n inheriting territory неразмножающийся помощник m nonbreeding helper нерасселение молодняка n diminished dispersal, retention of young (offspring) in natal territory Many authors suggest that a lack of marginally favorable breeding habitat limits the dispersal possibilities of maturing birds and is therefore important in favoring retention of offspring in the natal territory. However why birds in such environments do not become "floaters" within high quality territories has not yet been adequately examined. Second, the hypothesis does not address the almost universal observation that nondispersers actively assist in the rearing of nestlings, rather than leading relatively independent lives within their natal home range as is the case in many mammals. низкий оборот состава группы m low turnover of individuals низкий уровень эмиграции молодняка m restricted juvenile dispersal, diminished dispersal охрана групповой территории f group cooperation in defending territory пара особей-производителей f breedin pair, key members of the goup противодействие иммиграции n group resistance against immigration Nonbreeders may gain allies from within the natal territory to compete as a group against other non-breeders for territorial vacancies. устойчивая связь членов ячейки с групповой территорией site fidelity Most group territories were occupied continuously throughout the study. копуляция copulation внебрачная ~ extrapair copulation, cucoldry корм feed, fodder, food, forage, feedstuff ~ ценность калорийная food conversion ratio естественный ~ natural forage злюбленный ~ favorite food личиночный ~ larval food подножный ~ pasture, grass, pasture forage сухой ~ dry food кормёжка feeding; на кормёжку to feed кормить feed кормиться feed кормление feeding принудительное ~ force feeding кормность food capacity кормовое поведение feeding behaviour выбор кормовых объектов food selection запасание см. кормодобывание см. объедание побегов, листьев browsing отрыгивание погадок regurgitation Wheatears regurgitate indigestible fragments of the swallowed food in the form of a compact pellet. пастьба grazing поедание добычи ingesting, eating A wheatear eats large prey piecemeal; it will roll and drag the captured invertebrate for several minutes on the ground, tearing off one edible part after another. Large beetles, such as representatives of the Tenebrionidae up to 15 mm long, can be swallowed whole by bird after the prey has been dragged against the ground and mashed with the bill for some time. поиски пищи searching for prey (cм. также поисковое поведение) разделывание добычи handling of prey, prey handling While handling very large prey the wheatear hammering it from above with sharp and violent stabs. фиксация добычи см. The shrike discovered that a mouse could be pulled into one of these slits and anchored there, so that small bits could be torn off and eaten. фильтрация filtration Many marine animals are filter feeders. Кормовой fodder, forage, feeding, pabular; sterпn кормовые ресурсы food resources, food supplay кормодобывание forage, foraging, food obtaining activity высматривание добычи на ходу dash-and-jab, pause-travel While using this tactic, the wheatear runs a short distance on the ground after which it pauses briefly. Then it either runs a further short distance to attempt to capture prey spotted while pausing, or moves on to the next lookout. зависание в воздухе hovering If suitable perches are absent in the feeding area, the wheatear will try to spot insects from the air, hovering like a Common Kestrel or Kingfisher at a height of 2–3 m or more above the ground. зондирование почвы excavation To excavate of invertebrates from the ground the bird will dig at the substrate with downward-pointed bill, striking blows alternately from the left and from the right. охота hunting, predatory behaviour It is believed that a common wheatear is the only small song bird above the Arctic Circle, regularly hunting so large and dangerous an insect as a bumble-bee охота в воздухе catching prey on the wing Large moving insects spotted up to 30 m away, and caught in bill after shallow direct glide, sometimes with outstretched neck, which may terminate in brief hover before bird drops into vegetation; also drops straight onto prey below perch. Flying insects taken in rapid, sometimes lengthy, pursuit flight which may start with vertical climb of c. 30 m, prey then deflected off course and seized in quick lunge (рывок) . In deserts, this mode of hunting is most often used by wheatears in periods when termites swarm and these rather large insects abandon their nest en masse and fly in different directions with their weak and unsteady flight. подкарауливание sit-and-wait strategy Most prey located by bird from exposed, though usually low, perch using sit-and-wait strategy. The wheatear looks for invertebrates while perched on a rock, large boulder, shrub or plant stem. When an insect is spotted crawling over the ground, the bird impetuously flies towards it, sometimes covering a distance of up to 10 m.
Ater watching for prey while sitting on the ground under a bush, the bird moves into its crown and clambers around there, picking up insects among the branches. In Arabia, these birds` usually employ this hunting tactic in periods of cold and windy weather. охота в воздухе catching prey on the wing Large moving insects spotted up to 30 m away, and caught in bill after shallow direct glide, sometimes with outstretched neck, which may terminate in brief hover before bird drops into vegetation; also drops straight onto prey below perch. Flying insects taken in rapid, sometimes lengthy, pursuit flight which may start with vertical climb of c. 30 m, prey then deflected off course and seized in quick lunge (рывок) . In deserts, this mode of hunting is most often used by wheatears in periods when termites swarm and these rather large insects abandon their nest en masse and fly in different directions with their weak and unsteady flight. способы ~ foraging method, foraging mode, foraging tactics стратегия кормодобывания см. The feeding mechanism of each species are designated to enable it to feed in the most profitable manner, without undue waste of energy in handling the food, or ingesting food that is not worthwhile. крайний extreme ~ юг extreme south криптический cryptic ~ поведение cryptic behaviour крона crown, krone плакучая ~ drooping crown кронирование pruning крутизна slope, steepness крутой steep; vigorously boiling ~ берег steep coast, abrupt coast, bluff coast, bold coast куртина clump, bed, grove, copse, coppice Vegetation very often forms a continuous mat of dwarf bush heat mixed with shrub and copses of willows and other bushes. кусать bite, snap укусить за (ногу) bite on (leg) кусаться bite куст bush, shrub кустарник bush, shrub, shrubbery, frutex clumps of bushes and scattered trees woody shrubs shrub along highways and round Higher shrubs occured mainly in single groups standing amid open space shrubs interpersed with impenetrable jungles The stratum of low shrubs occured mainly in the marginal zones of patches of higher vegetation, but also in more open spaces as single bushes or as small patches. On cerrtain sites, however, it occured under the shelter of higher strata insside the bush, or forest-like vegetation.
consider the region from a general point of view range comprise mainly flat to rolling terrains in valley bottoms except open pastures wilderness (дикая местность) is extremely rugged (пересеченный, труднопроходимый) in its entirity(в целом); unpopulated expanses (пространства) of wilderness still exist beyond (its) boundary diverse stony landscapes stretching from the foot of mountains to their alpine zones Wild, rocky areas in semi-desert, slopes, ravines and wadis with scattered often thorny dry bushes, can approach agriculture. Area desolate, stony stretches with scattered boulders and more seldom fallow fields (осыпи) at the border of small cultivated fields. (the area) offer extraordinary conditions for living beings The study was made in southern Spain, an area of deep canyones and ravines with eroded slopes, which cut into high plateaux (1000 m) covered by sparse vegetation and agrjcultural crops. Annual precipitation in area is very low (310 mm), and temperatures vary widely throughout the year, from freezing during the long winters to maxima above 40°C during the hot, dry summer. bare fields, wastelands and wadis in open or lightly wooded arid country Structure of habitat is made up by components which are locally available in both the biotic and abiotic environment.
Such biasing has no doubt occurred due to the ease with which bird sexual traits, such as colour, can be quantified for many species. лёд ice The coasts are ice-free for varying periods, which are always much longer than in the high-arctic region. Protected bays and fiords is ice-covered even into the beginning of summer, but open coasts in many areas are ice-free during the entire winter. From the enormous dome-shaped icecap of Greenland the ice forces its way to the coast, where it forms large glaciers. ледник glacier; ice room The Greenland icecap covers the whole interior of the country, leaving only a narrow fringe of ice-free land, at most about 185 miles wide, along the seacosts. The total area of the Greenland icecap is 728,000 square miles, and the greatest thickness, found west of Scoresby Sound, is about 6500 feet, resting on mountains more than 3,250 feet high. жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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