А агонистическое поведение agonistic behaviour
ледниковый период glacial period, ice age, glacial age
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ледниковый период glacial period, ice age, glacial ageледостав freezing-up ледоход ice run, ice drift, drifting of ice лежбище rookery (котиков), ground лейцизм leucism носитель ~ leucistic individual лес forest (сплошной, сомкнутый), woodland (скорее «островами», более разреженный) ~ на корню standing timber old second-growth forest in which individual trees reached 2 feet in height. section of the dense, closed-canopy primary lowland forest with rather open undergrowth and boulder-strewn ground
old second-growth forest in which individual trees reached 2 feet галерейный ~ gallery forest, fringe forest, fringing forest, fringe woodland well-lighted corridors of forest (в котором течет река) гарь burned-out forest глухой ~ dense forest, thick forest горная гилея mountain rain forest горно-таёжный ~ mountain taiga forest девственный ~ virgin forest дождевой ~ rain forest дремучий ~ dense forest, thick forest коренной ~ primary forest криволесье croocked forest кустарниковое редколесье scrub forest листопадный ~ deciduous forest мелколесье, низколесье low forest мелколиственный ~ small-leaved forest, parvifoliate forest муссонный ~ monsoon forest низкоствольный ~ coppice wood, shrubwood пальмовник, пальмовая роща, пальмовый ~ palm forest первичный ~ primary первобытный ~ primeval forest пойменный ~ bottomland forest, flood plain forest, inundated forest, glade полусухой тропический ~ semidry tropical forest порослевый ~ shrubwood, coppice forest прибрежный ~, тугай, урема riparian forest, riparian woodland well-lighted corridors of forest (в котором течет река) редкостойный ~ light forest саванновое редколесье savanna forest смешанный ~ mixed forest строевой ~ building timber субальпийский ~ orohylile forest субтропический вечнозелёный ~ subtropical evergreen forest тайга, бореальный хвойный ~ boreal coniferous forest темнохвойный ~ dark coniferous forest тропический ~ tropical forest тропический дождевой ~ tropical rain forest, moist tropical forest тугайный ~ riparian forest ущельный ~ gorge forest, ravine forest хвойный ~ , краснолесье conifer forest, coniferous forest, needle-leaved forest, softwood forest широколиственный ~ , чернолесье broad-leaved forest ярусы ~ storey lower and middle storeys of the stand леса граница tree line Therefore the tree line has now been accepted as the southern boundary of the Arctic. The tree line is not, however, a clear-cut boundary which sharply separates dense stands of forest from completely treeless barren grounds. When this limit is passed the trees generally grow shorter, but the forest continues as islands or scattered trees, sometimes following watercourses far into the otherwise treeless country. As a result of wind and snow blast, the trees farther north eventually become dwarfed and stunted, and finally disappear completely. Near the limit of existence trees can grow only under especially favorable conditions, and are therefore restricted to valleys of rivers, south-facing and well-drained slopes, sheltered depressions or calcareous soil.
Transitional zone between the timber line and the actual tree limit may attain a breadth of more than sixty miles and has received various names. In Russia, for example, it is colled lesotundra (forest-tundra) while in Canada it is known as the Hudsonian Zone. A widely used and very appropriate name is the subarctic zone. линька molt, moult, molting About a month or more after leaving the nest, fledglings begin to exchange the contour feathers of the head, back and belly for the so-called first-winter plumage. Occasionally, wing- and tail-feathers are partly replaced as well. As a result, the small feathers are the new ones in the first-winter plumage, while the bulk of wing- and tail-feathers are retained from the juvenile plumage. из гнездового наряда в первый зимний post-juvenile molt (from juvenile plumage into first-winter one) полная complete molt послегнездовая взрослых птиц post-breeding molt предгнездовая pre-breeding molt дополнительная ~ supplementary pre-breeding molt проходить ~ undergo molt смена перьев при ~ feathers replacement сменять перья при ~ exchange feathers, replace feathers About two-thirds of birds that replace no primaries also do not replace any rectrices or other remiges частичная partial molt линять molt, moult, cast the coat лист leaf опавший ~ dead leaf, abscised leaf опад ~ dead leaf mat The ground was solidly floored with a thick mat of dead leafs. поверхность ~ leaf area листва leafage, foliage листопад leaf fall листопадный a deciduous, therophyllous литораль littoral, tidal habitat луг meadow, grassland альпийский ~ alpine meadow арктический ~ arctic meadow болотистый ~ swamp meadow, peat-land meadow влажный ~ wet meadow высокогорный ~ alm закочкаренный ~ tussock swamp meadow заливной ~ water meadow кочковатый ~ tussock meadow мокрый ~ wet meadow низинный ~ lowland meadow низкотравный ~ short grass meadow остепнённый ~ steppe meadow пойменный ~ bottom meadow, floodplain meadow, inundated meadow разнотравный ~ forb meadow, grass meadow, herb meadow солончаковый ~ salt meadow суходольный ~ dry meadow, upland meadow М манипулирование handling; manipulative behaviour манипуляция manipulation ~ орудием instrumental manipulation ~ поведением других socbiol social manipulation ~ предметами object manipulation неорудийная ~ noninstrumental manipulation орудийная ~ instrumental manipulation маркирование участка обитания marking ~ акустическое sound marking ~ визуальными метками visual marking ~ мочевыми точками with urine-sprayings запаховое ~ olfactory marking, scent marking ~ помётом ~ with feces ~ поскрёбами ~ with scrapes pugmarks
Scrape and scratch marks (поскрёбы) appear important in this spacing (рассредоточение особей – см.) Lions urinate and frequently defecate on top of these marks; so visual as well as olfactory mark is made. All lions, but particularly the males make these marks in trails(тропы), on high ridges (высокие гряды) , and at lion crossings (пересечение следов зверей) Olfactory markings probably serve to prevent encounters (служат для предотвращения столкновений) to notify newcomers of the presence of another animal. It is difficult to separate leopard signs (метки) from that of made by other large cata, or distinguish tracks of lynx, which are similar in size to those of subadult leopard. Obviously, it is important to clearly distinguish leopard sign (метки) from that of... Only under ideal conditions it is possible to reliable identify leopard sign (метки) based on the presence of one type of sign only. Other types of sign (метки) must be considered to reach an informed decision – or informed guess - realizing that mistakes are often. There are many similarities among the sign (метки) of different carnivores as a great amount of variability exists in term of size and shape. территориальное ~ territorial marking маршрут route, itinerary маскировка см. камуфляж мерзлота frozen ground вечная ~ permafrost Still another delimitation of the Arctic is based on extension of permanently frozen ground, the so-called "permafrost”. местность land, country, terrain, locality, ground болотистая ~ moorland, marshland гористая ~ highland country, mountain, montane area заболоченная ~ marshland, moorland лесистая ~ forest country неровная ~ rough country нетронутая ~ natural area окружающая ~ surrounding locale пересеченная ~ rugged ground, rough ground, broken ground, bumpy ground пригородная suburban areas сельская ~ rural area холмистая hilly area местность типовая ~ type locality местный local, native, aboriginal, indigenous место place, site, ground, locality ~ водопоя drinking, place, watering place ~ встречи meeting place ~ выведения молоди breeding place ~ размножения breeding place узкое ~ bottleneck местонахождение locality, location местообитание habitat, site Six heathland sites were used in the present study. These included samples of all types of habitats occupied by wheatears (каменки, Aves), ranging from bare sand, through extremely short-cropped turf, to longer grass, sand sedge (Carex sp.) and heather (Calluna vulgaris). There is a marked preference for nesting in abandoned caves, if available, and the highest breeding density are reached in areas with abundant caves. These caves offer constant moderate temperatures in aqenvironment characterized by thermal extremes. The boulder-fields are the preferred habitat of this bird species, which occurs only rarely above the Cave Sandstone belt. Birds are found from near sea-level to 1 500 m elevation, locally to 2 200 m. They are quite flexible in their habitat requirements. Therefore, these birds avoid barren areas and, conversely, are locally quite common in cultivated valleys of the Elburz Range. segregation of closely related`species
насыщенное ~ saturated habitat оптимальное ~ optimal habitat перекрывание ~ у разных видов symbiotopy, partial symbiotopy субоптимальное ~ subortimal habitat местообитаний выбор habitat selection межвидовые различия в ~ interspecific differences in habitat selection местообитаний разрушение habitat loss, habitat destruction Human-associated habitat loss is a threat to species. Habitat is destroyed due to human destructive activities. Habitat loss does not immediately threaten an individual life, but its cessation does not allow a species until habitat is replaced. Speсies decline may occur with no habitat loss.
Individual ranges were determined by plotting outlying points of observations A total of 71 dosages was administered, averaging 1mg of drug/1.71 lbs of body weight
If individuals stay at the stopover continues for two or three days, it will begin to defend a temporary feeding territory. покатная ~ downstream migration предпринимать ~ undertake migration протяжённая ~ very long (short) migration сезонная seasonal migration The longest migrations are undertaken by populations whose breeding areas are located at a great distance from the place of origin. It is obvious that many individuals cannot endure all the hardships of long-distance migrations and perish en route, but the more successful travellers return in spring to their nesting place. Radio-tracking of these birds showed that ongoing direction was south-east. ~ узким коридором on narrow front ~ широким фронтом on broad front мимикрия mimicry автомимикрия automimicry бейтсовская ~ Batesian mimicry вокальная мимикрия vocal mimicry (во) многом good deal of, great deal of Tropical Africa, the centre of shrike species abundance and probable site of evolution, has a great deal of thorny vegetation. многочисленный abundant, numerous моногамия monogamy ~ без охраны самцом территории пары female-defence monogamy ~ основанная на доминантном статусе партнёров в группе dominance-based monogamy ~ со сменой партнёра между периодами репродукции serial monogamy ~ устойчивая во времени permanent monogamy территориальная ~ territorial monogamy муравей ant (Formicidae) см. также община социальных насекомых муравьи-кочевники, муравьилегионеры army ants муравьи-жнецы harvester ant муравьи-листорезы leaf cutting ants муравьи-рабовладельцы slave-making ant species муравейник ant hill, formicary муравление (у птиц) anting Н набор (комплекс, совокупность) array см. также комплект Small antelopes and their young are vulnerable not only to the same predators as large antelopes, but also to a whole array of smaller ones down to the size of eagles. наветренный windward навигация navigation двухкоординатная ~ bicoordinate navigation по солнцу sun navigation нападать attack, charge, rush нападение attack, offence (редк.) насиживание incubation ~ после откладки предпоследнего яйца start of incubation after penultimate egg laying длительность ~ вuration of incubation наследие heritage наследуемость heritability наследуемый hereditable, heritable, inheritable неоген (Миоцен, Плиоцен) Neogene Period неофобия neophobia неполовозрелый immature неправильный irregular неприемлемый undesirable неприспособленный ill-adapted, ill-equipped непроизвольный involuntary, unintentional, unprompted неудача failure, unsucessful attempt потерпеть ~ fail A considerable proportion of one-year-old males fail to acquire their own territory at all. неясный (нечеткий) unclear, indistinct, vague Fledglings in juvenile plumage look sandy- or mouse-grey with an indistinct spotted pattern. ниша niche пищевая ~ food niche пустующая ~ vacant niche экологическая ~ ecological niche, environmental niche новизны восприятие novelty responses новообразование эволюционное innovation новорожденный a newborn, neonatal норма norm, standard ~ реакции norm of reaction, reaction norm адаптивная ~ adaptive norm альтернативная ~ реакции alternative reaction norm ночевка roosting (о птицах) общественная ~ communal roosting, social roosting ночлег roost О оазис oasis, мн. oases обеспечивать provide (for; with); secure (также гарантировать) Construction of the jaw apparatus is adapted to several different functions. On the one hand, it provides an opportunity for fine manipulations of very small objects; on the other, it permits the development of violent forces necessary for tearing up large prey. Further study is required to investigate whether social ranking and contest competition in ungulate herds can secure preferred central positions as it does in some primate groups. обессиленный exhausted обилие abundance обильный abundant обитатель inhabitant, dweller обитать inhabit, frequent (местность), dwell, reside, occupy облегчение facilitation см. социальное облегчение облёт flight ориентировочный ~ apic orientation flight облетать территорию fly space all over обман socbiol cheating, deceit, deception обогревать (птенцов) brood обоняние sense of smell, olfaction, osmesis, rhinesthesia обонятельный olfactory, olfactic, olfactive, osmetic, rhinal оборона defense оборонительныйa defensive образ жизни way of life, mode of life, mode of existence, on-goings см. также жизненная форма групповой ~ living in group дневной diurnal недостатки данного ~ disadvantages of mode of living ночной nocturnal одиночный ~ solitary wae of life преимущества данного ~ advantages of mode of living роющий ~ fossorial mode of life сумеречный crepuscular сидячий ~ sessile mode of life образец m specimen, example обратная связь feedback отрицательная ~ negative feedback положительная ~ positive feedback обрыв scarp, precipice cкальный ~ escarpment обследование survey, examination, study длительное ~ follow-up study единовременное ~ cross-sectional study массовое ~ screening study обучать train обучение learning, conditioning cм. также подкрепление ~ в лабиринте maze learning, maze behaviour ~ методом проб и ошибок trial and error learning ~ методом пошагового вознаграждения shaping ~ множественному различению multiple-discrimination learning ~ на основе избегания avoidance learning ~ распознаванию образов discrimination learning ~ путём дифференциации стимулов discrimination learning ~ путём наблюдения observational learning ~ путём привыкания habituation ~ путём «прозрения» insight, problem solving аверсивное ~ aversive learning ассоциативное ~ associative learning генерализация см. стимул запечатлевание см. импринтинг инструментальное ~ instrumental learning облигатное ~ obligatory learning оперантное ~ operant conditioning перцептивное ~ perceptual learning пространственное ~ spatial learning самообучение спонтанное autoshaping скрытое ~ latent learning стохастическое ~ contingency learning угасание (приобретённого навыка) extinction условнорефлекторное ~ classical conditioning, the Pavlovian conditioning общение communication общественный social общий common община социальных насекомых community of social insects, colony of social insects гаплодиплоидии система (у пчел и муравьев) haplo-diploidy грибной сад (у муравьев, термитов) fungus comb, fungus garden кастовость polyethism, age polyethism, maturation polyethism касты castes колонна муравьёв-легионеров raid кооперативное поведение cooperative behaviour коэффициент генетического родства ~ coefficient of genetic relatedness, r крылатые расселяющиеся особи (у муравьев, термитов) winged dispesing individuals матка (у пчел) quin стоянка муравьёв-легионеров camp община, занимающая несколько гнёзд (у муравьев) polydomous сolony (multicoloniality) община, занимающая одно гнездо (у муравьев) monodomous община моногинная monogynous сolony община полигинная polygynous сolony нимфы (у термитов) nymphs перекрывание поколений во времени overlap of generations рабочие особи workers размножающаяся самка (у муравьев) reproductive female, gyne размножающиеся бескрылые особи (у термитов) alates (quin, king) размножающиесяся самки в полигинных общинах (напр., у ос) α-quin, β-quin, etc. репродуктивное разделение труда reproductive division of labour роение (у пчел) swarming самка основательница общины female foundress семейный путь становления эусоциальности familial route in evolution of sociality солдаты soldiers суперколония (у муравьев) supercolony термитник termite mound тропы постоянно используемые (у муравьев) trunk trails трутень (у пчел) drone члены одной общины nestmates объединение affiliation объединять connect, combine, joint, articulate объект object, item замещающий ~ eth substitute object кормовой ~, пищевой ~ food object, food item объём volume ~ выборки sample size объяснение explanation см. факторы эволюции ~ конечных причин eth ultimate explanation проксимальное ~ eth proximate explanation объяснять explain, illustrate, illuminate, provide an explanation (for); истолковывать elucidate, clarify окраска животных color, colour, coloration; ~ оперения plumage color, color pattern аллосематическая ~ allosematic coloration, pseudoaposematic coloration антикриптическая ~ anticryptic coloration апатетическая ~ apatetic coloration апосематическая~ aposematic coloration брачная ~ breeding coloration, nuptial coloration вспыхивающая ~ flash coloration защитная см. покровительственная окраска имитирующая ~ procryptic coloration криптическая см. покровительственная окраска меняющаяся ~ confusing coloration опознавательная ~ episematic coloration отпугивающая ~ startle coloration покровительственная ~ , protective coloration, concealing coloration, assimilative coloration, allocryptic coloration см. также камуфляж предупреждающая ~ aposematic coloration привлекающая ~ alluring coloration, pseudoepisematic coloration приманивающая см. привлекающая окраска прокриптическая ~ procryptic coloration расчленяющая см. камуфляж оленеводство deer farming, reindeer breeding Many reindeer breeders stay permanently in the forests, while others are nomads who in summer visit the arctic tundras with their herds and, in addition, hunt and fish along the coasts of the Arctic Ocean. онтогенез ontogeny, ontogenesis онтогенетический ontogenetic, ontogenetical ~ траектория ontogenetic trajectory оперение feathering, plumage cм. перо, перьев партии, перьевой наряд, перьевые украшения описание description первоначальное ~ first description, original description описывать таксон (впервые) erect оповещение advertisement опознавание recognition, identification ~ родичей kin recognition индивидуальная «метка» individual badge, individual label ошибочное mis-recognition, misidentification Interspecific aggressive behaviour may be form of species misidentification. индивида путём «сравнения» фенотипов его и собственного phenotype matching индивидов по месту их пребывания site-dependent recognition ошибочное признак, используемый при ~ cue определённо (явно, отчетливо) distinctly, clearly, definitely, pronouncedly, decidedly The plumage of these birds when soaked with water is difficult to dry, so that an individual caught in the rain appears distinctly unhappy. оптимум optimum экологический ~ ecological optimum оптомоторный рефлекс optomotor reflex опыляемый –philous ветром anemogamous, anemophilous, wind-pollinated насекомыми entomophilous птицами ornithophilous опылять pollinate, fertilize опыт experiment; experience жизненный ~ experience получать ~ gain experience If individuals are prevented for some reason from dispersing, they may gain valuable, low-cost experience in rearing of young by helping. предшествующий (ранее приобретённый) ~ early experience сознательный ~ conscious experience орудий использование tool-using осадки precipitation атмосферные ~ precipitation The high-arctic region has a severe polar climate with minimal snowfall. The precipitation is so small, in fact, that in many areas the climate is desertlike. An important feature of the Arctic is the small precipitation, which occurs mainly in snowfall. The snow fall is much greater. The annual precipitation, therefore, does not generally exceed about 20 inches. In the northermost Arctic the precipitation is even lighter.
In favourable areas a neighbourhood group is invariably established from year to year. This provides the opportunity for males arriving shortly after to settle in the same area, taking up plots situated between the centres of activity of the established males. The re-establishment of former pair-bonds begins to be evident as well as the formation of new pairs, after which the male and female start to look for a suitable nest-site. особенность feature, characteristic feature, trait потенция к сохранению в популяции trait survival value особь individual, female-individual, male-individual, youngster взрослая ~ adult осторожность caution проявить ~ keep ones guard up осыпь каменистая talus mound, boulder field (см. также эрозия, эрозионный ландшафт) The study site was located on the north-facing slopes of Tryme Hill at 1 500-1 800 m, and included three boulder-fields, each of approximately 1 ha. The boulder-fields were separated by two grassy, comparatively boulder-free areas 50 and 100 m wide, measured along the contour. Boulder ranged up to 15 m across, and protruded up to 10 m above the grassland. Occasional trees, up to 6 m in height were scattered in the grassland but mainly on the lower, gentler slopes.
Several factors crucially distinguish mountain gorillas from female-bonded species. отличаться differ относительный relative относить к assign This author assigned populations of the Altay to the subspecies mollis. отношение (к кому-л./чему-л.) attitude (toward, to) в других ~ otherwise в другом ~ in another respect в любом ~ on any count в некотором ~ in certain/some respects/ways, in a (certain) sense в ~, по ~ к with respect to, as regards, regarding; in respect of, concerning в этом ~ in this regard, in this respect, on this point во всех ~ in every respect держать себя по ~ к кому-л. to behave toward smb. иметь ~ concern отношение (пропорция) ratio отношения relations, relationships ~ хищник-жертва prey-predator relationship внутривидовые ~ intraspecies relations межвидовые ~ interspecies relations пищевые ~ food relations, food relationships родственные ~ family relationships, genetic relatedness матрилинейные родственные ~ matrilineal relationships отнятие (детеныша от матери) weaning ~ детеныш отнятый weanling отрог (хребта) spur отрыгивать belch, regurgitate ~ погадку (у птиц) regurgitate pellet отряд см. таксон отсрочивать delay, detain, postpone The ability to detect the presence of another animals territory when tunneling may inhibit a neighbouring mole-rat from unwanted and unexpected invasion of an adjacent tunnel system as well as postpone an aggressive encounter. отставание lagging оттепель thaw The winters is here not so cold and long, often showing alternating periods of thaw and freeze. охват span см. также захват объём внимания attention span объём памяти memory span охватывать span охота hunting; ~ на птицу fowling запрет на ~ prohibition of hunting промысловая ~ commercial hunting ружейная ~ shooting In some countries leopard still may be legally shot. сезон, закрытый для ~ shutoff сезон, запретный для ~ closed season сезон охотничий ~ hunting season соколиная ~ falconry спортивная ~ sport hunting охрана природы conservation, nature conservation, nature protection, conservation of nature, wildlife preservation, perpetuation, maintaining, maintenance, management Preservation of the leopard area will ensure the perpetuation of many animals and plants. Threatened biotope and species are protected. In addition to maintaining enough habitat to support viable population, habitat quality must be maintained. It is impossible to secure (охранять) enough area for species with large home ranges. maintenance of wooded areas and management of wet forests preservation of extensive area of mature and old woodland and forest
regulations which are difficult to enforce in practice программы контроля control programs стратегия ~ conservation strategies усилия по ~ conservation efforts (required for species management) ~ и рациональное использование земель land conservation ~ и рациональное использование подземных вод groundwater conservation оценивать v estimate очерёдность см. также сменяться ~ событий order of priorities ~ в первую очередь first of all, in the first place ~ в хронологическом порядке in chronological order ~ не по порядку out of order ~ по порядку in order ~ по порядку номеров in numerical order очертание outline, contour, shape П падаль carrion, carcass, dead flesh, dead meat питаться scavenge предпочитать питаться ~ prefer to scavenge (if dead meat is available) память memory долговременная ~ long-term memory, reference memory зрительная ~ eye memory, visual memory кратковременная ~ short-term memory, recent memory логическая ~ logical memory оперативная ~ см. кратковременная ~ подсознательная ~ subconscious memory рабочая ~ working memory слуховая ~ aural memory чувственно-образная ~ affect memory паразитизм parasitism клептопапзитизм cleptoparasitism половой ~ sexual parasitism, eavesdropping социальный ~ social parasitism паразитировать parasitize паразитический parasitic партеногенез parthenogenesis амфитокия amphitoky, deuterotoky, gametotoky андрогенез androgenesis арренотокия arrhenotoky гиногенез gynogenesis константный ~ constant parthenogenesis кредитогенез creditogenesis облигатный ~ obligatory parthenogenesis факультативный ~ facultative parthenogenesis, optional parthenogenesis телитокия thelytoky циклический ~ cyclic parthenogenesis, cyclical parthenogenesis партнёр partner, associate, mate Male philopatry is associated with generally low tolerance between male group mates, although males cooperate against extra-group males. However, data given here show that within-group male alliances can occur in groups with more than two males. паук spider; паучок m spiderling пауки spiders (Araneida) ~ бродячие (скакуны, «волки») jumping spiders, cursorial spiders ~ засидчики web-building spiders, orb-weaving spiders, orb-web spiders паутина web, cobweb, spiderweb, net пение singing, pipe (редк.) антифональное ~ duetting, antiphonal singing дуэль песенная song duel ночное ~ night singing первогодок yearling, first-year individual перевыпас overgrazing, excessive grazing Dwarf shrub steppe covers most of the plains in the study area, often showing signs of overgrazing which has resulted in gully erosion. перегрев overheating передача transmission, transfer ~ воздействия сверху вниз top-down effect ~ воздействия снизу вверх bottom-up effect ~ информации information transmission ~ культуры cultural transmission ~ от поколения к поколению vertical transmission ~ сигнала signaling наследственная ~ vertical transmission однонаправленная ~ unidirectional transmission передвижение movement(s), migrations (cм.), traveling As stated previously, however, deep snow confined lions to the drainage, usually below 5,500-6,000 ft, and restricts movement other than down-drainage переделка modification ~ навыка habit modification, reversal learning передний a anterior, front, fore ~ конечность forelimb перелёт migration, flight, passage см. миграции перелётный migratory перенаселение overcrowding перенаселённый over-abundant Over-abundant populations of elk and dear occur in the study area перемещать transfer перемещения migrations (cм.), movement(s), nomadism, roamimg, traveling As stated previously, however, deep snow confined lions to the drainage, usually below 5,500-6,000 ft, and restricts movement other than down-drainage. Life in the High Arctic made extensive traveling necessary, and by means of dog sledges the Eskimos were capable of covering great distances within a short time. This extensive nomadism facilitated the exchange of experience and the diffusion of cultural elements through the whole community. The continuous traveling tended to maintain a specific cultural resemblance across vast areas. переносить (претерпевать, напр., стресс) v endure, undergo жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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