А агонистическое поведение agonistic behaviour
пике крутое steep dive пике стремительное
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пике крутое steep dive пике стремительное fast dive пикировать dive downward, dive with folded wings, descend in dive Bird went directly from the canopy to the ground in a steep dive. повиснуть в воздухе hang for a moment motionless in mid-air hang in the air over one spot, holding his position with rapid wing-beats slower gliding flight снижаться descend садиться land, alight (on song-post, tree, etc.) терять высоту lose height (slightly) тормозить brake (by wing-flapping) ползание crawling, creeping гармошкообразное ~ concertina locomotion ползать crawl, creep ползающий creeping, repent ползучий creeping, crawling; procumbent, decumbent, repent, gadding, trailing полиандрия polyandry ~ со сменой самкой территорий самцов-партнёров nonterritorial polyandry ~ с одновременностью связей самки с разными самцами simultaneous polyandry ~ с периодической сменой самкой самцов-партнёров successive polyandry территориальная ~ territorial polyandry полигамия polygamy см. полигиния, полиандрия полигамный polygamous полигиния polygyny гаремная ~ harem polygyny гнездостроительное поведение самца multiple nest-building ~ с одновременностью связей самца с разными самками simultaneous polygyny ~ с периодической сменой самцом самок-партнёров successive polygeny политерриториальная ~ polyterritorial polygyny территориальная ~ territorial polygyny трио полигинное polygynous trio полиморфизм polymorphism ~ общественных насекомых (см. община социальных насекомых: кастовость) гибридогенный ~ hybridogenous миметический, подражательный ~ mimetic polymorphism балансированный ~ balanced polymorphism половая рецептивность (самок млекопитающих) f female sexual receptivity виды со спонтанной овуляцией spontaneous ovulators виды со стимулируемой овуляцией induced ovulators половозрелость sexual maturity половозрелый pubertal, puberal половое поведение sexual behaviour, copulatory behaviour гомосексуальное ~ homosexual behaviour интромиссия intromission, penile insertion копуляция (спаривание) copulation, mating; tread (о домашних птицах, редк.) лордоз lordosis посткопуляторное ~ postcopulatory behaviour посткопуляторный интервал postejaculatory refractory period, postejaculatory immobility прекопуляторное ~ precopulatory behaviour садка mounting толчки тазом thrusting (у млекопитающих) удержание самки перед копуляцией amplexus (у амфибий); getting hold, getting bite-hold (у ящериц) эрекция penile erection половой sexual ~ кожа (у приматов) sexual skin половой диморфизм sexual dimorphism ~ в окраске sexual dichromatism ярко выраженный ~ pronounced sexual dimorphism полог (леса) canopy, crown layer разреженный ~ open canopy сомкнутый ~ closed canopy пологий gently sloping получать (приобретать, добиваться, выигрывать) gain, obtain, receive, get, secure By rendering coalitions ineffective, males contribute to a combination of factors (e.g. low potential to gain from cooperation in contest feeding competition) that limit the benefits of female philopatry. выигрывать время gain time набирать вес gain weight приобретать опыт gain experience пополнение популяции (за счет репродукции) recruitment, recruit-stock см. также резерв популяционный мгновенное ~ instananeous recruitment порционное ~ recruitment by platoons популяция менделевская ~ mendelian population смешанная ~ mixed population уклоняющаяся ~ distinct population популяция одновидовая population of the species возрастной состав ~ age composition гибридогенная ~ hybridogenous population изолированная ~ isolate population локальная ~ local population I believe more complete data available for the two last seasons more accurately defines the total minimum resident population In any event, the data suggest that population has stabilized at about 10 adults which are full-time winter residents
population size was established I estimated a total population of 22 (локальная популяция крупных млекопитающих) more accurately define the total minimum resident population плотность ~ population density область необитаемая или, в лучшем случае, малонаселённая ~ area uninhabited or at best thinly populated численность ~ population number элементарная, дем ~ deme популяция угрожаемая threaten population минимальная численность жизнеспособной ~ minimum viable population size нарушение социальной структуры break-up of social structure поддержание жизнеспособной ~ support viable population допустимый минимальный порог численности minimum population size thresholds потеря генетического разнообразия loss of genetic diversity резкие колебания численности large-scale population fluctuations резкое сокращение численности ~ drastic population decline (since) состояние ~ population conditions сохранить ~ perpetuate viable population, preserve viable population риск оказаться эксплуатируемой existing or potential exploitation (persecution) угроза со стороны человека disturbance and interference by man порог threshold ~ вредного действия threshold of harmful effect ~ неприятных ощущений nuisance threshold ~ реакции threshold of stimulation These birds have a comparatively low threshold for territorial aggression, manifested in both males and females, and direct bodily contact evidently involves very strong psychological stress. The species-specific characteristics of using a particular form of displays are closely connected with the expressiveness of the signal behaviour of a species, which is in turn determined by the height of the thresholds for a particular actions execution.
In the forest-steppe, burrows of the abundant Long-tailed Souslik provide numerous sites for these birds nesting. Some observations provide evidence that in periods of violent temperature falls in early spring, individuals of some typical desert species manage to survive for hours or even days almost without any food
This species is now the only representative of the genus Oenanthe in the region. If such coloration turns out to be the prevailing feature of plumage, it is difficult at a glance to recognize the male as a representative of the “stronger sex”.
Another type of the species habitat is represented by sand or clay desert plain with very scanty grass vegetation. предупреждающий precautionary; предупредительный preventive предшественник precursor, predecessor, progenytor предшествовать precede, forego, forerun, antedate предшествующий previous, former, preceding, prior; перед prior (to) These young naive females are able to recognize a song of their subspecies without having had prior experience with it. Having completed one breeding cycle, the birds abandon the nesting area and begin to disperse prior to autumn migration.
The odour of a visual predator elicited a cessation of locomotion by hermit crab. пренатальный prenatal, antenatal пренебрегать neglect, disregard, ignore преобладание predominance преобладать predominate, prevail преобладающий predominant, prevailing, prevalent преобразование transformation, transmutation, transduction препятствовать hamper, hinder, impede, be an obstacle (to) прерия prairie прерывистость discontinuity преследование chase преследователь pursuer преследовать chase, pursue пресноводный fresh-water пресс press ~ хищников predation pressure прибавление addition приближение 1 approach, approaching приближение 2 (мат., аппроксимация) approximation прибой surf, battering of waves, beating of waves привлекательность attractability привлекать attract приводить (в какое-л. состояние, изменять состояние) render привыкание habituation привычка habit; мн. habits пищевые ~ dietary habits привычный habitual привязанность attachment, attachment behaviour, fidelity (см. также филопатрия) ~ к месту site-fidelity длительная ~ lasting attachment признак character, trait смещение признаков character displacement прилив tide, high tide приливно-отливная зона The coast is usually blocked with ice, which does no scatter until July and August, and the tidal zone is completely lifeless. The tidal zone is inhabited by a considerable number of animals of various kind.
Fairly large populations may be found in othewise uninhabjted areas around villages where these birds inhabit dry fields near gardens perching on stone or clay walls, on low grassy vegetation, bushes, and often on telephone wires. приседание squat, squatting, crouch приседать crouch присоединение addition приспосабливаться adapt, adjust oneself (to), make adjustment, accommodate oneself (to) приспосабливание (подгонка, регулировка) n adjustment Each act of copulation is usually preceded by a very prolonged mutual adjustment of each partners behaviour in respect of the others. приспособительный adaptive приспособление adaptation защитное ~ protective adaptation морфологическое ~ structural adaptation экоклиматическое ~ ecoclimatic adaptation приспособленность fitness индивидуальная ~ individual fitness итоговая ~ socbiol inclusive fitness Evolution occurs when individuals with different genetic makeup exhibit differential rates of gene propagation, that is differential inclusive fitness. приспособляемость adaptability, adaptation power присущий inherent, intrinsic имманентно ~ inherent in ~ кому-либо, чему-либо peculiar to притворяться sham, pretend to be ~ мёртвым sham death, ger deaf feigning приток tributary, tributary stream; influx, inflow притяжение социальное social attraction Because of the social attraction existing between arriving males, they tend to settle, whenever possible, close together, eventually forming clusters of contiguous territories. There is a tendency to form rather compact neighbourhood groups.
These people originated in Manchuria or northern China and started their invasion of Siberia less than 2000 years ago, immigrating in several waves. All the populations inhabiting the Arctic are offshoots of southern peoples.
They originate from an old central asiatic people, who rather late, although no doubt still in prehistoric times, invaded the northern regions. прокариоты prokaryotes, procariote kingdom (Monera, Procaryotae) археобактерии archaebacteria (Archaea) бактерии bacteria (Bacteria)
«милого врага» гипотеза dear enemy hypothesis птенец chick (у выводковых видов), nestling (у птенцовых видов), pullus (редк.) ~ домашней птицы poult искусственный ~ artificial nestling новорожденный ~ newly hatched nestling, hatchling покинувший гнездо ~ (слеток) fledgling, fledgeling птенцовый (см. развития тип) птерилия prpennae птерилозис pterylosis эмбриональный ~ natal pterylosis птицы f, birds (Aves); fowl (редк.); домашние poultry беседковые (шалашники) ~ Ptilonorhynchidae см. беседки их водоплавающие waterfowl выводковые ~ nidifugous birds, praecoce домашние ~ poultry, fowl, barnyard fowl комнатные ~ pet birds манная ~ decoy bird морские ~ sea birds наземные ~ land birds нелетающие ~ flightless birds ночные ~ night birds охотничье-промысловвые ~, охотничьи ~ game birds певчие ~ perching birds, song birds, songsters, singing birds перелетные ~ migratory birds, birds of passage подсадная ~ decoy bird птенцовые ~ altrice хищные ~ birds of prey пугать scare, frighten пустыня desert The Greenland icecap and that of antarctic continent form the worlds only absolute lifeless desert. кустарниковая ~ shrub desert песчаная ~ sandy desert полупустыня semidesert полынная ~ sagebruch desert солончаковая ~ saline desert пух эмбриональный ~ natal down ~ на птерилиях down in prepennae (psilopaedic type, gymnopaedic type) ~ по всему телу down in prepennae and preplumulae (ptilopaedic type) пушнина peltry, peltries, furs пушной fur-bearing In winter the forest peoples hunt fur-bearing animals and big game, such as caribous and moose. пышный luxuriant, gross, magnificient, exuberant, lush (о растительности пятно spot, blotch, mark, star (на лбу); macula; plaque глазчатое ~ ent eyespot, eyelike spot, ocellated spot, orbicular spot, roundspot солнечное ~ sunspot Р равенство социаьное egalitarianism Male control interventions in conflicts between females who differ in fighting ability promotes and may underlie female egalitarianism which, in turn may help males to retain mates. равновесие equilibrium, balance относительное ~ relational balance подвижное ~ dynamic equilibrium, dynamic balance сбалансированное ~ balanced equilibrium равномерность evenness, uniformity ~ распределения equitability равномерный uniform, even разброс (напр., числовых значений) range см. варьировать It should be noted that the song-flight of O. hispanica males differs from the normal, everyday flight in that it is more impetuous, contains more unexpected turns and is accompanied by a richer and more diverse range of sounds. In Turkmenistan, the size of territories ranges from 0.7 to 4.2 ha, though these figures are approximate since the adjacent territories broadly overlap (by up to 20–50 m) in their peripheral parts and have in fact no definite borders.
In one case, a male controlled two territories separated by a distance of about 300 m and was paired with a female within each. разъединять part, divide, break, disjoin различать discriminate, discern (between), distinguish The relatively unique characteristics of scrapes possible provide the best evidence for discerning leopard sign from that of other big cats. различаться differ ~ в том отношении, что differ in that The second variant differs from the first in that the sounds become louder and more expressive and are now rapidly repeated so that the intervals between them practically disappear. различие difference (мн. differences), distinction; discrepancy (between, in) Considerable distinctions can be found when comparing the singing behaviour of these species. Although in its external morphology and appearance the form capistrata has much in common with O. lugens, in the course of its independent evolution it may have developed numerous behavioural distinctions from the latter.
The caiman belongs to the same group of reptiles as the crocodile and alligator, and to the layman all three animals look very much alike. To me, however, they were very different, and though all three are found in the Americas, they each have distinctive habitats. This remarkable and unique display is distinctly different from the song-flights of all other Palearctic wheatears.
In several animal societies, daughters ranks are inversely related to their order of birth. зависимый ~ dependent rank основной ~ basic rank превосходить в ~ outrank распознавание recognition см. узнавать ~ хищника prey recognition распознавать recognize, identify распространение (напр., семян) n, propagation ~ водой hydrochory ~ насекомыми entomochory ~ птицами ornithochory ~ человеком androchory распространение (вида, популяции) distribution; см. расселение ~ по высоте altitudinal distribution вертикальное ~ vertical distribution всесветное ~ cosmopolitanism распространение (видов взаимное) mutual distribution of species аллопатрическое allopatric distribution of species парапатрическое parapatric distribution of species семисимпатрическое semisymparic distribution of species симпатрическое symparic distribution of species расселение dispersal, spreading, spread, expansion ~ по воздуху ballooning behaviour (пауков) расселение видов и популяций dispersal, immigration, expansion, extending of range, pioneering new areas, spreading After a glacial period manу species followed the retreating ice north, eventually extending their distribution through the entire forest and tundra region. The species has penetrated far south in the alpine-arctic region of Scandinavia, and east to the White Sea. These people originated in Manchuria or northern China and started their invasion of Siberia less than 2000 years ago, immigrating in several waves. Under the influence of the great migration of the Mongols in the 14th century they swept up from the steppes of southeast Siberia, penetrating northwards along the Lena Valley, pushing the Tungus aside. All the populations inhabiting the Arctic are offshoots of southern peoples. A period of expansion took place as the people spread along the coasts of the Bering Sea, living off the fish, seal and whales with the kayak as tool. No later than 4000 years ago they invaded the Aleutian Islands, spreading westwards from one island to the other, but not venturing to span the broad gap to the Komandorskie Islands. To the north the expansion took the form of a huge migration along the uninhabited arctic coast of Alaska and Canada and did not stop until all of Greenland was overrun. расселяться disperse особи нерасселяющиеся nondispersers особи расселzющиеся dispersers The hypothesis proposes that ecological limitations prevent some maturing birds from finding suitable conditions for breeding independently, and therefore they remain in their natal territory until the opportunity to breed arises. However, although the hypothesis addresses why helpers most often are nondispersers from previous reproductive episodes, it does not address why individuals who fail to establish themselves as breeders become "floaters" in some species but nondispersers in others. рассматривать consider, regard Now both these forms are considered as separate species. This species can hardly be regarded as a typical inhabitant of rugged and broken terrain.
Lions were spaced in time as well as area Spacing acts to limit population size and appears to be extremely important in regulating numbers The same areas were used by different individuals but never at the same time. Our study clearly exhibit a spatial distribution of territories.
The ground cover consists of grasses and herbs, which were either sheltered by higher plants, or grew in clearings and open spaces. рудеральная ~ ruderal vegetation Apart from the valleys and the lowest parts of the slopes, the mountains as a rule have only rock-desert or lichen vegetation. степная ~ steppe vegetation Open stony slopes partially covered with dry montane steppe vegetation, usually above 1 800 m elevation.
In the study area, the angle of slope averaged 35°, with continuous grass cover except on rock outcrops and boulders. Grass height was mostly c. 50 cm, but somewhat shorter, averaging 350 on steep slopes, and with scattered, even shorter patches. растительноядность vegetarianism реакция reaction; response ~ бегства escape response, fleeing response ~ вздрагивания startle reaction, startle response ~ «всё или ничего» all-or-none reaction ~ избегания avoidance reaction ~ испуга startle response ~ нажатия на рычаг barpressing response ~ настороженности vigilance reaction ~ «окрикивания» mobbing response (у птиц) ~ по типу “все или ничего ” “all-or-nothing” response ~ потирания wiping response ~ следования following response ~ схватывания добычи prey-catching response ~ тревоги alarm reaction вокальная, голосовая ~ vocal response ~ vocal response двигательная ~ motor response задержанная, запоздалая ~ delayed reaction, delayed response ~ delayed reaction заторможённая ~ deferred reaction защитная ~ defense reaction оборонительная ~ defence reaction ориентировочная ~ orientating response условнорефлекторная ~ conditioned reflex reaction цепная ~ chain reaction резерв популяционный population reserve It is supposed that all suitable space must be filledbefoe territorial behaviour limits breeding density. There are stong experimental evidence that surplus adult males arepresent among Blue Grouse.
Yerling males probably cannot compete with adult males for favourable areas. Results from removal experiment demonstrated that some yearlings will become territorial if such vacant places are available. результат result, outcome The outcome of such interspecific territorial conflicts depends a great deal on the size and strength of the individuals belonging to the species involved. There is no guarantee of a peaceful outcome to the interactions between potential mates at this initial stage of pair-formation.
– пропиленными ледником rock scored by glacial actions – пропиленными водными потоками mountain side scored by torrents
In the study area, the angle of slope averaged 35°, with continuous grass cover except on rock outcrops and boulders. Grass height was mostly c. 50 cm, but somewhat shorter, averaging 350 on steep slopes, and with scattered, even shorter patches. The arctic land is not characterized everywhere by low tundra, for a large part is mountainous. In some regions strongly denuded areas of old mountain chains now form undulating peneplains, while in other sections the country is extremely montainous, consisting of sky-high towering alps with steep slopes and majestic snow-capped peaks and ridges.
There is a conflict between nest guarding and mate guarding during the females fertile period, so that male penduline tits are faced with the decision of whether to guard the nest or their females. Reduced nest guarding intensity would lead to nest destruction by nest material thieves and hence may result in female nest desertion. On the other hand, lower mate guarding intensity may increase the risk of cuckoldry. спаривание см. половое поведение упрочение брачных связей pair-bonds strengthening формирование пары pair-formation, pairing, coupling репродуктивная ячейка reproducing unit коммуна промискуитетная см. коммуна пара временная consort pair In baboons consort pairs may last for less than a day, or for several days. пара моногамная monogamous pair репродуктивный reproductive ~ потенциал особи reproductive value of individual репродуктивный успех reproductive success повторное гнездо взамен утраченного replacement nest повторные попытки размножения repeated breeding attemts потери при репродукции nest loss, brood loss The rate of of first nests loss amounts to 37%, of second 20.8% and of replacement nests built after the previous ones were destroyed, 32.4%. ресурс resource см. также размещение ресурсов возобновляемый ~ renewable resource, perpetual resource доступный ~ available resources исчерпаемый ~ exhaustible resource исчерпание ~ resource depletion невозобновляемый ~ non-renewable resource ритуализация ritualization ~ движений намерения ritualization of intention movements ~ элементов повседневных активностей ritualization of elements of everyday behaviour ~ элементов комфортного поведения ritualization of elements of comfort behaviour ритуализовать ritualize ритуализованное поведение n eth ritualized behaviour типичная интенсивность ~ typical intensity of ritualized behaviour родительский вклад socbiol parental investment неравноценность ~ самцов и самок disparity in parental investment In species where males contribute very little to production and rearing jf offspring, intermale competition become more intense. родительское поведение parental behaviour, tending of young см.также забота подготовка убежища для потомства preparation of shelter (cover) for young см. гнездо, нора выкармливание потомства feeding young, food-carrying for young, young provisioning выкармливание потомства молоком nursing young насиживание яиц egg incubation обогревание отпрысков heating young, brooding young защита потомства defending young, guarding young вождение выводка leading young, leading brood родство relation, relationship, relatedness, affinity The degree of phylogenetic relatedness of two forms can be appreciated only indirectly, by evaluating the extent of their similarity (or distinction) in size, proportions, plumage coloration, features of their biology (e.g. nest-construction, eggshell colour, and so on) and behaviour. близкое ~ close relationship генетическое ~ genetic relationship коэффициент генетического ~ coefficient of genetic relatedness, r филогенетическое ~ phylogenetic relatedness С самозащита defence см. также антихищническое поведение, камуфляж, эффект «растворения» бегство escape манёвры при избегании хищника evasive manoevres отпугивание хищника deimatic display scare cаморекламирование advertisement самостоятельность self-dependence, self-sufficiency самостоятельный self-dependent, self-sufficient In the offsprings second year, until the time when the young become self-sufficient, the family require its greater amount of food. свидетельства evidence, information Decisions are better based on multiple pieces of evidence documented in field notes. However, the relatively unique characteristics of scrapes possible provide the best evidence for discerning leopard sign from that of other big cats. Causes and evidence for this population stability will be presented in detail. These findings provided the bulk of the information on movements and territory size and function. Limited information is available on (subject) получать ~ obtain evidence собирать ~ collect data, gather information сдерживание (подавление, торможение) inhibition, retardation семиотика semiotics знак sign знак-признак sign иконический знак iconic sign знак-символ symbol, sign-symbol невербальный ~ nonverbal signal прагматика pragmatics семантика semantics синтактика syntactics сигнал signal вырожденный ~ degenerate signal декодирование ~ signal decoding искажение ~ signal distortion кодирование ~ signal encoding модальность ~ signal modality ослабление ~ signal attenuation отправитель ~ sender, signaler, donor ослабление ~ signal attenuation приемник ~ receiver, recipient референт ~ referent сообщение message (set of signs) инерционные ~ tonic signals трансляция ~ signal transmission ~ экстренного типа phasic signals сигнал звуковой acoustic signal см. также биакустика вибрато vibrato визг squek, squel вокальные ~ vocal signals вопль squawk ворчание grunt высокочастотный ~ high-pitched signal глухой звук muffled sound, muted sound гоготание (гусей) honking cry громкий звук loud sound (on top of smb voice) звонкий короткий выкрик tinkling call звонкий крик sonorous call импульсный ~ pulse signal короткий звук brief sound лай bark(ing) механические ~ mechanical signals механический ~, производимый клювом snap of the bill механический ~, производимый крыльями snap produced with the wings негромкий ~ given in low voice низкочастотный~ low-pitched signal одиночная посылка single sound печальный звук plaintive note писк cheep последовательность посылок разной акустической структуры heterotypic sequence пронзительный крик bray call, penetrating call, shrill call, yell call резкий крик harsh cry, sharp cry свист whistle серия одинаковых посылок homotypic series скрипучий звук strident sound скуление whine стон groan стрекотание chatter темп подачи ~ rate of signals delivery тихий quiet трель trill трещание rattle трубный крик trumpeting call храпение snoring хриплый raucous sound чириканье chirp шипение hiss щебетание twittering щелчок click сигнала функция (значение) function (meaning) of signal ~ безопасности safety signal ~ поддержания контакта contact call ~ опасности danger signal, sematic signal ~ предупреждающий ~ warning signal ~ привлечения attracting signal ~ приглашения к игре play-soliciting signal ~ (само)рекламирования advertising signal ~ тревоги alarm signal ~ угрозы threat signal дистантный ~ long-distance signal звуковой в полёте flight call «обманный» ~ deceptive signal отпугивающий ~ frighten, startle signal широковещательный ~ bradcast signal сигнализация signaling акустическая ~ см. акустическая сигнализация запаховая ~ olfactory signaling; см. также маркировка ольфакторная ~ см. запаховая сигнализация оптическая ~ optical signaling; visual signaling ~ посредством градуальных сигналов with graded signals ~ посредством дискретных сигналов with discontinuous (discrete) signals тактильная ~ tactile signaling химическая ~ см. запаховая сигнализация системы спаривания mating systems моногамия см. полиандрия см. полигиния см. полигинно-полиандрическая система polygynous-polyandrous system, polygynandrous system промискуитет см. системный systemic сказываться tell on, tell upon ~ отрицательно affect (что-либо) adversely склон slope south-facing and well-drained slopes крутой ~ steep slope материковый ~ continetal slope, continental shoulder скорость velocity, speed, rate The fastest-moving glacier, the Upernavik Glacier, has a velocity of over one hundred feet a day in summer, while many others move only a few feet and some do not move at all. след track, trail, scent; trace; footprint; spoor; pugmarks; vestige; идти по следу be on the scent, follow the scent, follow the trail, follow the spoor, follow the tracks; напасть на ~ get on the scent, pick the scent; потерять ~ lose the scent We followed fresh jaguar tracks for a total 39 km. жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. 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