А агонистическое поведение agonistic behaviour
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классическая многофункциональная ~~ all-purpose territory of A-type брачная ~ mating territory владелец ~ territory-holder, territory-owner временная на путях миграций temporary (feeding) territory вторгаться на ~ intrude into territory All they do is fight each other, and intrude into each others territories. Owner postures, rushs up to strangers when these trespass (пересекают) its range. вытеснять с ~ evict from territory A newcomer manifested maximum self-assurance upon arrival, and even evicted the resident male from the central part of his territory in the course of the first day. гнездовая ~ breeding territory, nesting territory групповая ~ group territory занятие ~ acquisition of territory, territory-establishment, settling within territory Once the female has settled on a territory, she begins actively to defend its boundaries against all other conspecific females. зимняя winter territory компактно размещённые ~ cluster of territories (см. также колония, ток) кормовая ~ feeding territory неперекрывающиеся ~ мн. nonoverlapping territories Clusters composed of 10–12 nesting territories are separated by rather large areas that remain unoccupied. охрана границ ~ guarding territory borders, patrolling territory boundaries пребывать на ~ occupy territory, stay on territory Some pairs may remain on their nesting territories after breeding, staying until the autumn or perhaps even until the following spring. cмена ~ shift location of territory удерживать ~ за собой hold territory, keep territory центр ~ core area территория природная охраняемая conservation area, protected area, natural protection area, reserved area см. также заповедник Area protected from being exploited.
There was a meeting place where ten males and two females were pesent. The space was four to five feet in diameter, and appeared to have been cleared of every blade of grass and smoothed as if by human hands. ~ как «горячая точка» arena as a hot spot выбор самкой самца по месту расположения его территории place-dependent choosing by female among competing males дифференциальный репродуктивный успех самцов differential reproductive succes of males конкуренция самцов за участие в репродукции intermale competition for participating in reproduction посещение ~ самками visits to arena by females присутствовать на индивидуальной территории be in attendance самцы центральные central males самцы периферические peripheral males самцы сателлиты sayellite males функциональный центр индивидуальной территории focal point The focal point within a territory is the terrestrial dancing stage. The locations of the individual stages seem to be governed by the distributon of thin saplings and vines which serves as approach perches. токование displays, lekking, lekking displays The effect of these displays is to prevent strange males from crossing the periphery into the main display arena except for very brief interval. тормозить brake (напр. крыльями в полете) см. подавлять, препятствовать третировать harass Pied wheatears is constantly harassed by individuals of all other wheatear species. тропа trail, path, run path led along beaches and on cattle trails trail led through (вела через ) forest
In the Old World the word generally used is tundra, a term originating from the Finnish word tunturi meaning a treeless plain. The tundra everywhere is dotted with lakes, transected by small streams and covered with low heath, although in more sheltered places and along river courses and lake shores there are rather high shrub. Where the ground is moist extensive bogs exist, while in the driest parts and in places that are particularly exposed to the wind or where soil is very poor and scanty,the vegetation does not form a continuous cover and the plants are scattered, so that the bare underground is the dominant feature of the landscape. У убегать flee, run away, escape Young Loggerhead Shrikes that spread their wings when confronting a mouse may have better balance, and spread wings may stimulate the mouse to flee, thereby exposing the back of its neck to attack. убежище shelter, refuge, refugium, covert, retreat убирать take in см. устранять уборная (у млекопитающих) latrine Thus, latrines may function as scent-marking stations and play a role in delaying conspecifics from entering the territory. We suggest that the olfactory channel of communication enables mole-rats to mark their territorial borders with a relatively long-lasting signal, inhibiting the entry of potential intruders. увеличение increase; augmentation, enhancement, enlargement; угасание extinction, decline ~ активности waning of activity ~ реакции response decrement удар stroke, beat, blow наносить ~ blow, butt (головой, рогами), strike, deliver Fighting is done by delivering vigorous pecks (клевки) usually from above. узнавать recognize ~ индивидуально recognize individually упадок decline, decay идти к ~ go into a decline находиться в ~ on the decline претерпевать ~ suffer a decline приходить в ~decline, wane, diminish условие condition при ~ (если только; в том случае, если) conj providing, provided, if Habit of anchoring the victim corpse would yield a selective advantage providing that it improves the birds ability to exploit large prey. условия conditions In the low-arctic region, as compared to high Arctic, conditions are somewhat mitigates. A summertime is more extended and milder, with a July mean between 15 and 200C. Near the limit of existence trees can grow only under especially favorable conditions, and are therefore restricted to valleys of rivers, south-facing and well-drained slopes, sheltered depressions or calcareous soil. неприемлемые ~ nonpermissive conditions приемлемые ~ permissive conditions регулируемые ~ managed conditions экстремальные ~ extreme conditions, extremal conditions успех success ~ размножения см. репродуктивный успех ~ спаривания mating success устанавливать establish In such a situation, the two rivals may be involved in a brief conflict during which the new agreed border between the territories of the competing males is established. In a state of high excitement, these neighbours tend to ignore established boundaries and intrude into the territory of the male who is actively courting the female.
The male does not participate in nest-building. участок обитания home range, range (см. также территория, перемещения, след). His range was confined to the Rush Creek drainage. The actual area occupied was probably greater than that indicated in Fig. 1. I believe the actual areas utilized by some lions extend beyond that indicated . The winter range was on lower Big Creek and downstream on the Middle Fork. Its extent is not known. Her distinctive track, noted during previous years, revealed that she had been in the area since the study began. Females No 10,11, and 12 reside in the same range as male No 1. I do believe, however, that territories relative to each over are properly depicted by the capture data. All females studied appeared to change the extent of their ranges in different winter seasons. The changes were correlated with females reproductive status. When alone, a female does not need to utilize a large area, but when accompanied by kittens, the demands of the family for food dictate that she utilize a larger hunting area. Female No 4, accompanied by the three approximately 7 to 8 month-old kittens, confined herself to the eastern portion of the range. In 1998, still accompanied by the three kittens (now 18 to 22 months old), she utilized only about one-third of the previous years range. Thus a larger area is required a female reproductive status, and the age and number of her offspring dictate the extent of her seasonal range. The range area is limited by the ability of young to travel great distances. Individual ranges were determined by plotting outlying points of observations. Each boulder-field supported one to three pair(s), which appeared to occupy broadly overlapping home ranges, rather than strictly defended territories.
The shrike discovered that a mouse could be pulled into one of these slits and anchored there, so that small bits could be torn off and eaten.
and anal region подкрадываться (близко) to sneak as close to (it) as possible подстерегать to lies in wait, preparing for the killing пытаться повалить жертву to try to get (it) to the ground пытаться схватить жертву to try for a grip on the snout (за морду) of the victim сдерживать жертву to pull (it) down individual methods of hunting ensure greater success per bird than group attack хищничество predation, predatism, carnivorism; depredation воздействие его на популяцию жертвы effect of hyaena predation on (any prey population) to assess (чтобы оценить) the impact (воздействие) of lion on big-game animals... number of prey eaten per year (ежегодно) by the whole population of predator ate yearly (ежегодно) a similar proportion of x population the number of calves taken as predator food short-term increases (краткосрочное увеличение) in killing rate (нагрузки на жертв)
Most Black Wheatear pairs tend to make repeated breeding attempts during the season. сезонный ~ seasonal breeding cycle чинк escarpment, jebel численность number, abundance ~ вида number of species, abundance of species ~ класса class frequency сокращение ~ популяции population decline Population is dwindling in number чувствительный sensitive ~ период sensitive period Ш широта latitude Yenisey valley lies between 63 and 70N шкура hide, skin, pelt станция заготовки ~ pelts purveying station Э экземпляр specimen гербарный ~ herbarium specimen музейный museum specimen спиртовой ~ spirit specimen ~ тушки (птицы, млекопитающего) skin экскременты excrements, faeces ~ птенцов птиц fecal-sacs экскреция excretion экспозиция exposure because of the relief and exposure элекромагнетизм electromagnetic sense комуникация электромагнитная electromagnetic communication ориентация электромагнитная electromagnetic orientation рыбы сильноэлектрические strongly electric fishes рыбы слабоэлектрические weakly electric fishes рыбы электрочувствительные electrosensitive fishes элиминация elimination неизбирательная ~ nonselective elimination эон eon, eonothem Криптозой (Докембрий) Precambrian Eon Фанерозой Phanerozoic Eon эпоха геохронологическая epoch, series Голоцен Holocene Миоцен Miocene Олигоцен Oligocene Палеоцен Paleocene Плейстоцен Pleistocene Плиоцен Pliocene Эоцен Eocene эра геохронологическая era, erathem Архейская ~ Arcgaean Era Кайнозойская ~ Cenozoic Era Мезозойская ~ Mesozoic Era Палеозойская ~ Paleozoic Era Протерозойская ~ Proterozoic era эрозионный erosional ландшафт ~ erosional landscape In the abiotic environment rocks, boulders talus slopes (каменистые осыпи) and erosion dongas (ущелья) provide breeding facilities for a considerable number of species. Cave Sanstone beds of the Little Berg outcrop as cliffs at 1700-1800 m, below which is grassy slopes and boulder-fields formed by erosion of the Cave Sandstone belt. эрозия erosion подверженный ~ succeptible to erosion этограмма ethogram этология ethology классическая ~ classical когнитивная ~ cognitive сравнительная ~ comparative этоэкология behavioural ecology эукариоты, эвкариоты (простейшие, грибы, растения, животные) eukaryotes эффект effect (of ) ~ беспокойства natcons disturbance effect ~ основателя см. основателя эффект ~ «растворения» (укрытия в группе) dilution effect, confusion effect конечный ~ final effect косвенный ~ indirect effect краткосрочный ~ short-term effect неблагоприятный ~ adverse effect, harmful effect необратимый ~ irreversible effect отдалённый ~ delayed action парадоксальный ~ paradoxical effect парниковый ~ greenhouse effect, hothouse effect побочный ~ side-effect, byproduct пограничный ~ edge effect подпороговый эффект subthreshold effect пороговый ~ threshold effect постоянный ~ permanent effect резко выраженный ~ pronounced effect снижение ~ effect diminishing; снижфть ~ diminish effect эхолокация echolocation, echosounding Я явный distinct, apparent, evident, obvious явственный distinct, clear яйцо egg скорлупа ~ eggshell ярус layer, storey; long-line (рыболовное орудие) ~ погружённых растений submerged layer кустарниковый ~ shrub layer моховой ~ moss layer нижний ~ леса substage of forest травянистый ~ herb layer жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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