периоды палеонтологической летописи

периоды палеонтологической летописи

Девонский ~ Devonian

Каменоугольный ~ Carboniferous period

The special body ornaments in the male are the crest, the modified inner secondaries, the highly modified rump feathers and upper tail coverts, the broad white primary barring, and the brilliant orange-red coloration of the plumage, the irises, and the feet.

Males of these species mimic with quite remarkable precision sounds whose acoustic parameters lie, as it first seems, far outside the limits of acoustic competence of a small passerine bird.

Some song types were shared, with minor variations, between individuals.

An increase in male sexual motivation can also be reflected in the utterance by him of a subsong that is structurally rather similar to the aggressive song accompanying most tense encounters between rivals.

A male usually gives series of short advertising-songs from one of his habitual song-posts. When the singing bird becomes agitated for one reason or another, the pauses between such songs are gradually reduced, so that the previously discrete sounds are amalgamated into a practically unbroken extended advertising-song.

Each male has a considerable repertoire of song phrases, eleven being noted from one individual during March.

Birds switched from one phrase to another within the same spell of singing an they alsovaried individual phrases

A considerable proportion of wheatear food is made up of ants, especially during the early spring, and in summer too these insects constitute an important part of the diet.

Until the time when the young become self-sufficient, the family require its greater amount of food.

Food is equally available, from the standpoint of numbers, throughout all the lions ranges.

Familiarity with topography allows predators to utilize an areas food resources more efficiently

This behaviour has been reported for a number of other species

Adult males protect imma­tures against larger opponents, but also give them little aggressor support, and they mostly make control interventions in conflicts between immature peers.

Such an opportunistic mode of feeding permits an individual to shift quickly from one prey-type to another as soon as the latter has become more abundant and so energetically more profitable.

The Black Wheatear starts breeding as early as the climatic and weather conditions permit.

The female will let the male come near, but tolerates his presence for only a few seconds, during which time he can perform only a fragment of his courtship-display.

Thirty one individuals were recaptured 89 times, making a total of 132 captures during the study.

Ten captures made over a 4-year span

We failed to capture te female, although track suggested she was present.

This female has been captured only twice and data are incomplete.

Mature lions captured a total of 59 times provided the bulk of the information on movements and territory size and function.

Recaptures of other males, while less conclusive with regard to the particular animals range, support the evidence gained from the males which were recaptured more frequently.

“Observation” here applies to those instances when lion was tracked and subsequently captured

during four consecutive winters.

In this respect, the fact that some lions were not captured in certain areas is equally as important as capture data on other individuals. Authors used this type of negative data in determining home ranges of ...

total coverage is (цифровое значение)

Its coverage was where possible calculated, otherwise estimated visually.

пол sex, gender см. соотношение полов

реверсия ~ sex reversal

полёт flight; ballooning (пауков); в полёте in flight, on wing

~ брачный mating flight, nuptial flight

~ быстрый с бросками из стороны в сторону flight is swift, with frequent sharp and unexpected turns

~ демонстрационный display flight, “ritualized” flight

~ для ориентировки orientation flight

~ замедленный скользящий slow gliding

~ маневренный manoeuvrable flight

~ машущий flapping flight

~ медленный flies ahead very slowly

~ парящий soar

~ петлями dipping-and-looping flight

~ переходящий в погоню flight that turns into a violent chase

~ планирование на расправленных неподвижных крыльях sailing on fully spread and almost motionless wings

~ порывистый, неровный impetuous flight, containing more unexpected turns

~ птичий как у бабочки moth-flight

~ птичий повседневный everyday flight

~ -преследование pursuit-flight

~ с быстрыми неглубокими взмахами крыльев flight with very rapid and shallow wing-beats

~ с быстрыми энергичными взмахами крыльев flight with rapid and vigorous wing-beats

~ с большой амплитудой взмахов крыльев flight with wide-amplitude wing-beats

~ с медленными глубокими взмахами крыльев flight with relatively slow and deep wing-beats

~ с неглубокими трепещущими взмахами крыльев moth-flight with very shallow, quivering wing-beats

~ совместный двух особей flight in tandem

~ с песней song-flight

~ с равномерными энергичными взмахами крыльев with even and energetical wing-beats wings

~ убыстряющийся gradually accelerating flight

взлетать take wing

взлетать высоко ascend high into the air

взлетать медленно под углом rises upward rather slowly at an angle;

взлетать на ветку fly to a perch (several feet above the ground)

взлетать невысоко ascend a little (to some height)

зависать hover; зависание hovering

Bird hovered for a moment just before their feet touched the ground.