Қазақстан халқы ассамблеясы қарағанды облысының Әкімдігі
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21 preserved sedentary agricultural communities during the migration process from Korean peninsula to Russian far eastern regions in the middle of 19 th century. But in the cases of 1937 they faced new civilizational challenges after their deportation to the central asian regions, which was divided as nomadic and sedentary zones by local traditional civilizations. In the migration process from northern korean peninsula to imperial russian far eastern regions at the middle of 19 th century, imperial russians required for the korean migrants to adapt themselves in the russian territories by the legal process, but cultural base and connection with historical homeland was preserved by allowances of using mother tongue and connecting with historical homeland until the beginning of soviet period(lenin’s reigning period). III. Period 2: Changes of Ethnic Korean communities in the period of Stalinism With the beginning of Stalin’s ruling, central planning system, Collectivization and Social Restructuring of communities demarcated traditional indigenous communities in Central Asia. In this period great purge on ethnic elites and leaders caused much sacrifices and compulsory settling of nomadic communities’ lead demographic decreasing Kazakh communities in the 1930s. In 1937, facing reports from the NKVD that the Japanese had infiltrated the Russian Far East by means of ethnic Korean spies, Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov signed Resolution 1428-326 ss, “On the Exile of the Korean Population from border Regions of the Far East Kray”, on 21 August. The deported Koreans faced difficult conditions in Central Asia: monetary assistance promised by the government never materialised, and furthermore, most of the deported were rice farmers and fishers, who had difficulty adapting to the arid climate of their new home. Estimates based on population statistics suggest that 40,000 deported Koreans died in 1937 and 1938 for these reasons. With the background of ethnic koreans’ deportation in the middle of 1920s already some of ethnic Koreans in Russian far eastern region migrated into Kyzylorday region for experimenting rice cultivation in the central asian nomadic regions and they established community “KAZRIS.” However, the deportees cooperated to build irrigation works and start rice farms; within three years, they had recovered their original standard of living, and the events of this period led to the formation of a cohesive identity among the Korean deportees. However, in schools for Soviet Korean children, the government switched Korean language from being the medium of instruction to being taught merely as a second language in 1939, and from 1945 stopped it from being taught entirely; furthermore, the only publication in the Korean language was the Lenin Kichi. As a result, subsequent generations lost the use of the Korean language up until the era of glasnost, it was not permitted to speak openly of the deportations. In this period central asian agricultural communities diverged by the using patterns of indigenous ethnic groups. First mass migration groups into central asian regions was Russian peasants in the 19 th century, which established ethnic russian Communities in present kazakhstani area, because in the sedentary area it had less possibility to create new agricultural land for new comers. Considering different land-using patterns between temporarily land-usage of traditional kazakh community and occupational land-usage of traditional uzbek community, nomadic community has more spaces for accepting new comers from sedentary communities, which would be conceptualized as ‘nomadic (or Kazakh ) tolerance.’ In the russian imperial period nomadic communities experienced the process for creating new spaces for new comers by sacrificing or converting nomadic zones regardless of voluntarily or involuntarily decisions. After establishing of russian administrative system in central asian nomadic zones annual territories or distances for nomadic life pattern of breeding livestock decreased. Because imperial colonial authorities categorized the land of nomadic life as un-used(or cultivated) land by misunderstanding of land-using pattern of nomadic communities, the administrative controlled for decreasing boundary of annual nomadic moving and these un-cultivated(?) lands assigned to new comers(most of them were Russian peasants). With these territorial conditions new communities of russian peasants did not |