Қазақстан халқы ассамблеясы қарағанды облысының Әкімдігі
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| «Тарихтан тағылым – өткенге тағзым»
22 established in the southern of Sydarian river, because there were no arable-land for new comers or barren land for cultivating, so in the end of russian imperial period constructions of Channel building for extending irrigation system to create new arable lands in traditional sedentary(uzbek) zones and these lands assigned to the local sedentary groups(not for new comers). With introducing soviet new policies after the death of lenin, local traditional communities in central asian regions diverged to the different path of civilizational paths. In the Uzbekistani areas traditional sedentary communities had been preserved regardless of regime changes from imperial russian to soviet system, with favorable conditions for agriculture and small spaces of land for assigning sedentary new comers. Contrastively kazakh communities experienced civilizational transformation in the soviet period by involuntarily settlement policies of central planning and collectivizing. So traditional nomadic kazakh communities transformed into soviet sedentary communities with unfavorable climatic conditions for unfamiliar new agriculture system with big loss of local human resources by resisting against settlements policies of soviet policies. And unchanged conceptions for using-land made easy for accepting new comers in the deportation process. In this periods ethnic korean deportees of 1937 diverged by their final destinations of deportation process. Though major ethnic korean organizations(Theaters, Newspaper, Radio, Pedagogical college) and most major participants of independent movements against japanese colonial ruling moved into Kazakhstan area with roughly 90,000 deportees, rapid populational growing of ethnic Koreans proceeded in the ethnic Koreans community in Uzbekistan. In the point of deportation 1937, roughly 75,000 koreans deported into Uzbekistan, and in the end of Soviet period, it increased into roughly 180,000(or 150,000), comparing with 105,400 kazakhstani ethnic Koreans in 2014. With this different results of population growing could be analyzed with three major backgrounds; 1) highly infant mortality rate after deportation in Kazakh area in the point of deportation, 2) favorable living & agricultural conditions in UZ (double cropping), 3) favorable conditions for sustaining Gross-family system in UZ. IV. Divergence of Ethnic Korean Communities after 1960s In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev decided to give the Soviet Koreans freedom and for the first time they were given the right to decide where to live and what to do. Many Koreans moved to the cities to start professions in medicine and education. Others, however, stayed and worked on their highly productive farms. When Khrushchev introduced his Virgin Lands Campaign, Korean farms were consolidated into larger collective farms as part of the prefect. Due to their organizational skill and work ethic, many Koreans were soon leaders of industry, government, and educational institutions within the Soviet Union. Koreans were elected to the Parliaments of the Soviet Union and Central Asian Republics and by the 1970s the number of Koreans with a college degree was twice that of the general population. In this period two local(Uz & Kaz) ethnic korean communities in central asia clearly turned out different local community transformation by the geographical location and conditions. In the Uzbekistan most ethnic korean communities established in the un-cultivated barren field of agricultural belt with good rice-cultivating climates, in the suburbs of Tashkent city(within radius of 1-1.5 hours by chir-chik river basin). With this location korean communities sustained gross family system after 1960s. With releasing restriction of migration and residence, young ethnic korean generations moved into major soviet cities for higher education & employment. Also some Korean farmers from Uzbekistan began Seasonal Farming(Go-bon-ji) in North-caucasus, Crimea and southern Russian regions. These new migration patterns became foundation of ethnic Korean Communities in European-Russian territories. In the kazakhstan appeared different pattern of community transforamtion in the ethnic Korean communities. Most deported Koreans created local agricultural communities in Kyzylorda and Ushtobe, where is far from hub city Almaty. After 1960s younger generations moved into near major cities like Almaty or Tashkent, beyond the distance of daily sphere of life from rural communities of parents, which resulted into conception of ethnic base Gross family structures and it facilitated ethnic «Тарихтан тағылым – өткенге тағзым» 23 koreans easy integration into kazakhstani poly-ethnic communities(based on nomadic tolerances). And young generations began to move to the industrial cities in Ural/Siberia Volga regions( not Moscow or Saint Petersburg) with higher education and Job recruiting. For the ethnic Kaz-koreans in 1940-60s were required to active social integration after deportation of 1937, restructuring of community by Soviet-Russian culture with prohibition of learning and using mother tongue in everyday life, recovering agricultural vacuum in the collectivization and creating new soviet (multi-ethnic) pattern Agriculture communities. With this social requirements ethnic Kaz-koreans identity could be categorized as active Central Asian Soviet Sedentary Farmers in Rice- cultivating Kholhozes and experts in various agricultural sectors in Kazakhstan with many labor heroes in Rice-Cultivating (Avangard Kholhoz: Kim, Man-sam, The 3rd International Kholhoz: Chai, Den- hak, Dalyvostok Kholhoz: Shin, Hyun-Mun). And in the 1950s ethnic korean kholhozes reestablished as multi-ethnic Kholhozes and it symbolized as active integration into local multi-ethnic structures. In the post-1960s identity of ethnic Kaz-koreans changed to the image of Korean Specialists in non- agricultural sectors, including as famous administrators, sports stars, and famous ethnic artists. V. Conclusion Today Koreans in Central Asia are the most urbanized ethnic group in both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, as more than 80% of the Korean population live in cities. According to the 1989 census, the number of Koreans living in the Soviet Union was 439,000, the bulk of which lived in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia, with more than 80% of that in Kazakhstan, and based on an analysis of Kazakh ‘areas of compact living’, the majority of Kazakh-Koreans today live in urban areas in the central and southern regions of Kazakhstan, most notably KzylOrda, Karaghandy, Dzhambul, and Almaty, and most live in urban areas. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation adopted a decree on the restoration of ethnic Korean rights. Under the new decree, the State permitted ‘individual and voluntary return to the former place of residence’ for deportees, and Russian citizenship could be obtained by any migrants from outside Russia. The decree also provided Korean returnees with ‘residential houses and lands for farming and other activities,’ if they desired. Briefly ethnic koreans preserved dual identity between late imperial Russia & early soviet periods. After deportation central asian ethnic Korean communities experienced diversifications by settling areas, changing of family structure by location & structure of communities, changing of cultural orientation for integrating soviet society. In the post-soviet periods both ethnic korean communities in central asian countries has been clarified two different ways: emigration from sedentary local community and stable integration into poly-ethnic local communities by nomadic tolerances. |