Дуглас Норт, Джон Уоллис, Барри Вайнгаст Насилие и социальные порядки



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AcemogluD., RobinsonJ. A. Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. 2006; Асемоглу Д., Poбинсон Дж. Экономические истоки диктатуры и демократии. М.:


1 North D. С. Autobiography (http://nobelprize.org/nobeLprizes/eco  nomi'cs/laureates/ 1993/north.html). Как признавался в автобиографии Норт, в жизни его занимают далеко не только исследования. К вопросам, достойным внимания, Норт относит охоту и рыбалку, жизнь на ранчо, вкусную еду, хорошее вино и концерты симфонической музыки.


2 North D. С. Sources of Productivity Change in Ocean Shipping//Journal of Political Economy. 1968. Vol.76. № 5. P. 953–970.; North D. C., Thomas R. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge University Press. 1973.


3 North D. C. Structure and Change in Economic History. N. Y.; London: W.W.Norton & Co., 1991; НортД. Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики, 1997.


4 НортД. "Понимание процесса экономических изменений. М.: Изд. дом ГУ ВШЭ, 2009.


5 FieldA. Understanding the Process ofEconomic Change: Book Review (http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/0 899).


6 North D. C. and WallisJ. Measuring the Transaction Sector in the American Economy// Long term factors in American Economic Growth/ Ed. by S. Engerman and R. Gallman. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1986. P. 95–148.♦Carruthers В. Politics, Popery, and Property: A Comment on North and Weingast//Journal of Economic History. Vol. L. № 3. (Sept. 1990). P. 693–698.


7 См. философское обсуждение проблемы насилия в современном обществе: Жижек С. О насилии. М.: Европа, 2010.


8 Изд. дом ГУ ВШЭ,2011.


9 См.: НортД. Понимание процесса экономических изменений. С. 182–208.


10 Узйнгаст, Б. Почему развивающиеся страны так сопротивляются верховенству закона?//Прогнозис. № 2. 2009. С. 135–163.


11 НортД. Понимание процесса экономических изменений… С. 239.


12 Норт Д., Вайнгаст Б., Уоллис Дж. Наст. изд. С. 83.


13 Уэйнгаст Б. Почему развивающиеся страны… С. 152.'


14 Carden A., Haiti. Why are some places rich while others are poor? The institutional necessity of economic freedom // Economic Affairs. Vol.30. Issue 1. March 2010. P. 48–54.


15 Benyishay A., Betancourt R. Civil liberties and economic development// Journal of Institutional Economics. № 6. 2010. P. 281–304.


16 Margo R. Review on Violence and Social Orders (http://eh.net/book_ reviews /violence and social or ders conceptual fr am ework inter  preting recorded human history).


17 Acemoglu £)., RobinsonJ. A. Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy…См.: РасковД. Е. Риторика новой институциональной экономической теории//Вопросы экономики. N9 5. 2010. С. 81–95.


18 Липсет (Lipset, 1959) задался вопросом, почему устойчивая демократия требовала экономического развития. Пшеворский и соавторы (Przeworksi, Alvarez, Cheibub and Limongni, 2000) исследовали количественную корреляцию и обнаружили значимые свидетельства того, что эпизодически демократия встречается на всех уровнях дохода, устойчивая демократия – это прежде всего черта стран с высоким уровнем доходов. Вопрос о том, является ли связь между демократией и экономическим развитием причинно следственной, и если так, то что является следствием, а что причиной, остается открытым. Барро (Вагго, 1996, 1999) проводит экономический анализ этого вопроса. Обзор литературы по модернизационной гипотезе и последние эмпирические результаты в отношении развития см. в: Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Yared, 2007. Экономисты историки также рассматривали проблему развития в долгосрочной перспективе: Landes, 1999; North, 1981, 1990, 2005; Норт, 1997; Rosenberg, Birdzell, 1986.


19 «Степень развития демократии оценивается по шкале, состоящей из 11 пунктов от 0 до 10. Операционный индикатор демократии выводится из конкурентости политического участия (переменная 2,6), открытости и конкурентности в найме на работу представителей исполнительной власти (переменные 2,3 и 2,2) и ограничений главы исполнительной власти (переменная 2,4)…» (Marshall, Jaggers, 2005, p. 13). Люксембург48 217Бермуды35 607SСША34 3651Норвегия33 0921Катар32 261156нефтьОАЭ32 182141нефтьСингапур29 434109Швейцария28 8311Голландия26 2931Дания26 0421Австрия25 6231Швеция25 2321Кувейт25 135135нефть. Гонконг25 023Ирландия24 9481Австрия24915Великобритания24 6661Канада246161Исландия t.24 3391Бруней24 308нефтьМакао24 224Германия24 0771Япония239711Франция23 67233


20 Самое свежее объяснение характера долгосрочного роста до 1800 г. см. в: Clark, 2007b. Экономический рост до 1800 г. имел место, но происходил за счет экстенсивного роста населения, а не за счет интенсивного прироста душевого дохода (Fogel, 2004, р. 20–22).


21 Никто не знает, каким был годовой доход на душу населения до начала XIX в., так что наше предположение о том, что недавний рост в развитых странах обусловлен устранением периодов негативного роста, – это всего лишь предположение, которое, однако, согласуется с тем, что мы знаем об экономическом развитии прошлого. Источники . Heston, Summers and Aten, 2006. В таблице использованы данные по реальному ВВП надушу населения (постоянные цены: последовательные серии) и рассчитанные по ним темпы роста для серий «Темп роста реального ВВП (постоянные цены: последовательные серии)». Сначала страны были отсортированы по категориям доходов на основе их доходов 2000 г., измеренных в долларах 2000 г. Средние годовые положительные и отрицательные темпы роста представляют собой простое среднеарифметическое для всех лет и всех стран по категории доходов (нулевой рост считался положительным ростом) без всякого взвешивания. Таблицы, составленные Центром международных сравнений университета штата Пенсильвания (Perm World Tables), включают информацию по 188 странам, но сведения о темпах роста доступны только для 184 стран. Выборка охватывает период с 1954 по 2004 г., хотя информация недоступна для каждой страны в каждый год. Категория стран «без нефти» с доходами свыше 20 000 долларов не включает Катар, Объединенные Арабские Эмираты, Кувейт и Бруней.


22 Высокие темпы роста в бедных странах, когда они растут, отчасти могут быть объяснены «эффектом быстрого старта» (catch up), то есть тем, что страны могут расти быстрее, просто поскольку они восстанавливаются от негативного шока.


23 Более сложные эмпирические доказательства этого базового факта см. в: Rodrik, 1999; Ramey and Ramey, 1995; Mobarak, 2005.


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