Down: 2. (n) The situation in which two things happen at the same time by chance, in a surprising way. 3

Ex. 2. Discuss the following questions.

1. 
   Can you explain what air space infringement is?
   
2. 
   Why is infringement of controlled air space regarded as a serious aviation hazard?
   
3. 
   What are the major causes of unauthorized penetration into restricted, dan- gerous or prohibited areas?
   
4. 
   Is it a rare or common occurrence?
   
5. 
   What could the consequences be?
   
6. 
   What should be done to prevent the risk of air space infringement?
   
7. 
   What basic rules must a pilot adhere to so as not to penetrate restricted, dangerous or prohibited areas?
   

Ex. 3. Read the information below and compare your ideas with it.

Airspace Infringement

Airspace infringement is a serious aviation hazard, which occurs when an aircraft enters certain types of airspace without first obtaining clearance, or enters the airspace under conditions that were not contained in the clearance.
The airspace referred to above may be

• 
  Controlled Airspace,
  
• 
  Danger Area, Restricted Area or Prohibited Area.
  

Controlled airspace is airspace within which air traffic control services are provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification. ICAO classifies airspace in seven classes from classes A to G. Controlled airspace is classes A to E.
A prohibited area is an airspace within which the flight of aircraft is prohi- bited due to security concerns. Such areas are depicted on aeronautical charts and are permanent until cancelled. Some prohibited airspace may be added or ex- panded via NOTAMs.
A danger area is an airspace within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. These include, for example, military exercis- es involving live firing, parachute dropping, violent and unpredictable aircraft manoeuvres, or the use of unmanned aerial systems.
Most danger areas are operated by military authorities. Their vertical and lat- eral dimensions are publicized in national AIPs* together with the hours of opera- tion where applicable.
Usually, the danger area is monitored by the responsible authorities who cease operations if unauthorized penetration occurs. However, it is the responsibility of pilots to avoid penetration of danger areas.
A restricted area is an airspace within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with specific conditions. Such areas are typically effective for a few days or weeks.
Aircraft shall not be flown in such areas, except in accordance with the condi- tions of the restrictions or by permission of the State over whose territory the areas are established.
Although the majority of incidents reported involve General Aviation, particularly light aircraft flown by amateur pilots, all classes of aircraft are prone to airspace infringement.
Violating prohibited airspace established for national security purposes may result in military interception or the possibility of an attack upon the intruder.

*AIP – Aeronautical Information Publication

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