Лекции Reviews, Lectures



Pdf көрінісі
бет17/34
Дата03.01.2022
өлшемі488.75 Kb.
#451985
түріЛекции
1   ...   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   ...   34
Морозов Проблемы хим стандарт

INTRODUCTION. Currently, herbal medicines are 

gaining popularity and are used both in the treatment and 

prevention of various diseases [1, 2]. This may be due 

to the fact that herbal medicines have a low toxicity at a 

suffi ciently high effi ciency, a wide range of therapeutic 

effects, a complex effect on the human body with their 

rational use. They are and also relatively cheap in 

comparison with synthetic drugs [3].

Currently, cardiovascular diseases remain the most 

important social and medical problem in many countries. 

Thus, according to the World Health Organization, 

cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause for death 

in the world, so the problems of prevention and timely 

treatment of this pathology acquire special urgency [4, 

5]. In this regard, the drugs based on hawthorn, are of 

great interest [6, 7].

The reparations based on hawthorn have been used 

in folk medicine for a long time. The fi rst mention of the 

positive effect of hawthorn on the heart refers to the fi rst 

century of our era [8]. The use of hawthorn for treatment 

of cardiovascular diseases dates back to the late 1800s, 

when hawthorn was supposed to be used as an alternative 

therapy for the treatment of various cardiovascular 

diseases such as angina, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, 

arrhythmia, etc. [9].

The authors describe the studies on the reduction 

of the cholesterol level and triglycerides in the blood of 

animals while using hawthorn raw materials [10, 11]. 

The studies on rats, mice, rabbits and cats have shown 

that hawthorn extract can slowly and steadily reduce 

blood pressure by expanding peripheral vessels [12, 13].

As for hawthorn raw materials, some authors also 

notify the presence of antibacterial activity against 

a number of microorganisms, in particular against 



Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa and Candida albicans [14, 15].

In addition, some sources describe the antioxidant 

effect of extracts from hawthorn raw materials [16, 17, 

18]. Currently hawthorn attracts the attention of doctors 

and researchers by its cardiotonic and cardioprotective 

properties, which is confi rmed by numerous clinical 

studies [19]. Thus, in 2003 a meta-analysis of randomized 

placebo-controlled studies of hawthorn extract (Crataegus 



pinnatifi da Bunge) for treatment of patients with chronic 

heart failure showed the presence of a cardiovascular 

benefi t compared with placebo [20]. A group of Chinese 

scientists in 2014 published a randomized, double-blind 

study of the use of multicomponent herbal preparation 

based on hawthorn in the treatment of dyslipidemia. As 

a result of the conducted research it was found out that 

this herbal preparation caused a slight decrease in plasma 

levels of low-density lipoproteins after a 12-week course 



111

Pharmacy & Pharmacology V. 6 N 2, 2018

DOI:10.19163/2307-9266-2018-6-2-104-120

of treatment, without causing undesirable phenomena 

[21]. In 2015, a group of Iranian scientists conducted 

a comparative study of the effects of aerobic exercise 

and the use of hawthorn extract (Crataegus oxyacantha 

L.) on intracellular adhesion molecules of Type 1 and 

E-selectin in patients with stable angina. As a result, 

it was concluded that aerobic exercises and the use of 

Crataegus oxyacantha L. as additional therapy effectively 

reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis and further 

problems connected with the cardiovascular system [22]. 

It is also interesting that there was a study published 

in 2016, in the course of which it was concluded that 

hawthorn leaf extract (Crataegus azarolus L.) stimulates 

antiproliferative activity, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis 

in human colon cancer cells HT-29 and HCT-116 [23].

In the Russian Federation, hawthorn fl owers  and 

fruits  (Crataegus L.) are used to obtain cardiotonic 

medicinal drugs [24, 25]. Abroad, medicines on the basis 

of hawthorn leaves and fl owers have got widely spread 

[26, 27, 28].

On the territory of our country there are about 40 

species of wild-growing hawthorns [29, 30]. Of the 

12 species of hawthorn included into the current State 

Pharmacopoeia of the USSR, XI-th edition (GF USSR 

XI), 9 grow on the territory of the Russian Federation, 

and the fruits and fl owers are the pharmacopoeial species 

of hawthorn raw materials in Russia [24, 25]. At the 

moment the quality of raw materials is regulated by the 

State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR of the XI-th edition, 

as the discussed types of hawthorn raw materials are not 

included into the current State Pharmacopoeia of the 

Russian Federation of the XIII-th edition [31, 32, 33]. 

The United States Pharmacopeia of the 32-nd edition 

describes hawthorn raw materials, representing leaves 

with  fl owers collected from the species Crataegus 



monogyna Jacq. or Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., also 

known as Crataegus oxyacantha L [27].

The European Pharmacopoeia (the 8-th edition) 

refers to the medicinal hawthorn raw materials the fruits 

of such species as Crataegus monogyna Jacq (Lindm.), 

C. laevigata (Poir.) (a synonym for C. oxyacantha L.) 

and leaves with fl owers of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 



(Lindm.) or C. laevigata (Poir.) DC. (synonyms for C. 

oxyacanthoides Thuill, C. oxyacantha auct.) and other 

European hawthorn species, including C. pentagyna 



Waldst., C. nigra Waldst. and C. azarolus L [26].

The Belarusian Pharmacopoeia includes articles 

from the European Pharmacopoeia on fruits, leaves with 

fl owers, as well as some specifi c articles on hawthorn 

fl owers and leaves. 

The leaves of Crataegus sanguinea Pall. and C. 



laevigata (Poir) DC. (synonym of C. oxyacantha sensu 

Pojark.) and the fl owers of 14 species of hawthorn, 

including  Crataegus sanguinea Pall.; C. Laevigata 



(Poir) DC., C. korolkowii L. Henry; C. altaica (Loud.) 

Lange and others are considered to be included into 

Pharmacopoeia

 

[28]. The Pharmacopoeia of the Republic 



of Kazakhstan refers fruits of Crataegus monogyna 

Jacq. or Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. (synonym for 

Crataegus oxyacantha L.) to medicinal raw materials 

[34].


According to the literature data, hawthorn leaves, 

fl owers and fruits are known to contain a lot of 

biofl avonoids, which seem to be primarily responsible 

for the cardiotonic action of the plant, leading to the 

development and use of extracts from the hawthorn 

leaves and fl owers in European countries. Biofl avonoids 

found in hawthorn include oligomeric procyanidins, 

vitexin, quercetin and hyperoside. The hawthorn raw 

materias also contain vitamin C, saponins, tannins, 

cardiotonic amines (phenylethylamine, tyramine, 

isobutylamine, O-methoxyphenylethylamine, choline 

and acetylcholine), purine derivatives (adenosine, 

adenine, guanine, caffeine, amygdalin), triterpenic acids 

(ursolic acid) [35, 36, 37, 38, 39].

As a result of the research conducted by a group of 

Samara scientists, the dominant fl avonoid vitexin was 

isolated from the fruits of hawthorn, and the hyperoside 

– from the hawthorn fl owers [40].



THE AIM of the work is to analyze and systematize 

the research results in the fi eld of chemical standardization 

of hawthorn raw materials in pharmacopoeias of different 

countries.





Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
1   ...   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   ...   34




©dereksiz.org 2024
әкімшілігінің қараңыз

    Басты бет