Міністерство освіти І науки україни маріупольський державний університет рада з науково-дослідної роботи студентів, аспирантів, молодих вчених дебют збірник тез доповідей студентів

1. 
   Architeckture Australia [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://architectureau.com/magazines/architecture-australia/
   
2. 
   Australian Architecture Association [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://www.architecture.org.au/
   
3. 
   Architecture in Australia [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://www.architectsofaustralia.com.au/
   

725 (410) (043) =111 Сапожнік Ганна Олександрівна

The Shard London Bridge, previously known as London Bridge Tower, is a mixed-use building in London. The Shard London Bridge is 310 meters tall. The structure has been constructed on the site of an existing 1970s office building, known as Southwark Towers. The Shard is an 87-storey skyscraper in London but only 72 are habitable. It is a multi-use structure and the tallest of its kind in the European Union, standing 1,017ft tall. It incorporates around 602,779ft² of modern, high-spec office space, along with a 197-room hotel and a range of shopping, leisure, residential and public spaces. Seen from the outside, the Shard London Bridge is a tapering, glazed spire dominating the surrounding area. The tower is made of granite, glass and steel. Its surface helps it blend in with the skyline by reflecting the sky and the surrounding buildings. Its shape and appearance, as much as its function, distinguishes it from many of the taller buildings across the river.6.

/Set on the edge of the Square Mile, Broadgate Tower was completed in early 2009 after almost four years of construction and at an estimated cost of £240 million. The 35-floor structure is 164 metres (538 feet) high and was, on completion, the third tallest building in the City (after Tower 42 and the Gherkin). It contains 37,000 squared metres of office space. The tower is supported by a 6,000 tonne concrete and steel raft which straddles a railway tunnel. The tower employed around 14,000 tonnes of steel in its construction. The tower is clad in around 40,000 square metres of glass, roughly equal to the surface area of 154 tennis courts. The tower has a central core with visible steel cross bracing to the exterior 2.

1. 
   http://www.homedit.com/london-gherkin-an-unusual-eggshaped-building/
   
2. 
   http://www.emporis.com/building/the-broadgate-tower-london-united-kingdom
   
3. 
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Tower
   
4. 
   http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Tower-42
   
5. 
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_London
   
6. 
   http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-london-unitedkingdom
   

УДК 392.5(410.5)=111(043) Семівол Аделіна Олександрівна

What’s interesting about Scotland? There are some facts which I‘d like to speak about. First of all, Scotland is the most autonomous of all the countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

I must say that Scotland is a unique country which has many different traditions and symbols.

The first national Scotland`s symbol is thistle. Thistle flower is a semi-official national symbol of Scotland and is depicted, in particular, on bank notes. Thistle has become a symbol, as a result of winning a battle. According to legend, in the XIII century coastal settlement of Scots suffered from Viking raids. One managed to avoid sudden night attack by the fact that the Vikings went barefoot in a thicket of Scotch thistle, than gave themselves. Thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland. The symbol is widely used in the Scottish and British heraldry, logos, as well as on British coins.

The next symbol is bagpipe - the national musical instrument, the unofficial symbol of Scotland, an ancient Scottish instrument. Is a reservoir of sheep or goat skin, turned inside out (goose), to which are attached (attached ) Three Bourdon tube (drones), one tube with eight playing holes (chanter) and a special short tube for blowing air . Has a simplified air flow - through ancillary pipe - provides the freedom of the right hand.

When playing musician (piper) fills the air tank and pushing it down the elbow of his left hand, makes sound and game Bourdon tube , in turn equipped with special reeds ( canes ) , and, Bourdon tubes are used in single and double tube in the game canes, made of reeds.

The third symbol of Scotland is The Apostle Andrew (St. Andrew) the patron of Scotland, according to the legend, his relics were transferred in the 7th century from Constantinople the Scottish town of St Andrews. The picture of the apostle, as well as X-shaped cross on which he was crucified according to legend, are symbols of Scotland.

The forth symbol. The flag of Scotland – is the official historical symbol of Scotland, the national flag of the Scottish people. It is a blue rectangular flag with a white oblique (St. Andrew's) cross. In some sources the Scottish flag is called St. Andrew's cross. In contrast to the royal standard, a flag with a slanted cross is available for public use .The flag is used Scottish government departments as one of the official symbols. During the daytime flag adorns almost all government buildings.

The next symbol is Coat of Arms of Scotland. In the gold box with a scarlet double internal border, there is a revolting lion of the same color with azure weapons. Above the shield a golden helmet, topped with a crown of Scotland. In the scarlet crest there is sitting a crowned lion holding a sword and a golden scepter. Above the lion silver ribbon with the motto In Defens, inscribed scarlet letters. Around the shield is the collar of the Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle. The shield is supported rebelling crowned silver unicorn with golden arms (mane, horns and hooves), clad in gold chain and standing on a green ground, overgrown with thistles.

The sixth symbol of Scotland is tartans. Tartan - ornament formed twill weave, pre colored in different colors, resulting in a checkered pattern consisting of horizontal and vertical lines as well as rectangular areas filled with diagonal stripes. Tartan is used for coloring plaid and can symbolize a certain clan, as well as terrain or organization. Scottish kilts almost always have tartan pattern.

(O Flower of Scotland,

So, these are all symbol of Scotland. And making a conclusion we may say that Scotland is the great country with good culture, traditions, and of course symbols.

1. Электронный ресурс http://ru.wikipedia.org

2. Электронный ресурс http://tourism-london.ru

3. Электронный ресурс http://www.destinations.ru

4. Электронный ресурс http://muzey-factov.ru

5. Электронный ресурс http://takearest.ru

6. Электронный ресурс http://usalife.ucoz.ru
УДК 392.8(410)(043)=111 Статура Ольга Сергіївна

BRITISH, IRISH AND SCOTTISH FOOD

Some people criticize English food. They say it's unimaginable, boring, tasteless, it's chips with everything and totally overcooked vegetables. The basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour that British haven't had to invent sauces to disguise their natural taste. What can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious?

If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say "Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to a good English restaurant with a reasonable prices [1].

As we have an opportunity to travel all over the world, going to the UK we should remember, that сuisine in each region can be very different. Now would be presented the most unusual dishes from each part of the UK, in particular British desserts, Welsh hot snacks, Irish magical dishes and Scottish appetizers.

Another dish to talk about is Welsh Rabbit. Often mispronounced as Welsh Rabbit the correct name is Rarebit. Put simply, it's a sophisticated form of cheese on toast but all grown up. The base is a strong cheddar cheese that has been grated and into which is mixed various ingredients with the most common being a little cream, worcester sauce, pepper, salt, mustard, a little flour, paprika and a touch of beer. The mixture is blended until smooth and then spread onto toast and grilled in the oven. The rarebit is ready when the mixture melts and develops a golden brown crust. Variations include first putting a fried egg on the toast before adding the mixture or even mixing in a small amount of smoked ham. It's properly served with a slice of tomato on top which can either be grilled with the rarebit or added fresh after cooking. Warning: This is proper rarebit and should not be confused with thin, runny cheese sauces that are sometimes poured over toast and often taste as synthetic as a rubber tyre. Real Welsh Rarebit made from fresh ingredients is delicious - accept no substitutes.

To continue it would be talking about Scotch Eggs. These are great even if a little strange. Essentially it's a hard boiled egg that is then peeled and wrapped in sausage meat of various varieties before being coated with breadcrumbs. It is then deep fried and can be served hot as a meal or cold as a snack or picnic food. Different parts of Britain tend to favour their own local sausages so a scotch egg can taste quite different depending on where it was bought. The tastiest are probably those made from a combination of standard pork and Cumberland filling. How they became known as scotch eggs is a mystery as they have clearly been made across Britain and Ireland for many centuries. One theory is that they were originally called scorched eggs and made in the same way except that they were cooked on a spit or simply by laying them next to the cooking fire. The fat from the sausage meat would filter through the breadcrumbs and air-fry them until crisp. A little scorching just added to the flavour. A crunchy coating and succulent centre perfectly compliment the juicy pork shell. The origin of Scotch Eggs may be a mystery but they are still one of the most popular strange British foods [3].

And in the end there are some strange Irish dishes. Would it be colcannon? Crubeens? Barmbrack? To the people of Ireland, these traditional dishes offer cold-weather comfort and holiday nostalgia. But for the rest of the world, centuries-old Irish recipes serve up some decidedly mixed reactions [4]. So I`ve chosen colcannon. It is a favorite Irish recipe and a particular St. Patrick's Day favorite. It is quick, easy and simple to make. Colcannon was traditionally used for predicting marriage on Halloween. Charms were hidden in the Colcannon and any unmarried girl who found one would place socks with spoonfuls of Colcannon and the charms on their front door handle. The first man entered the house was their intended [5].

Unfortunately, none of the dishes is not widely popular in Ukraine. It is quite difficult to find these dishes in our country, as we are accustomed to our national cuisine. Of course, while cooking certain dishes, both we and the British are using the same products, but their combination sometimes makes me wonder. So in conclusion I`d like to tell that if you are interested in a taste of quaint national British dishes, it is best to go to the UK and to try. It is always better to try once, than to read and to imagine for hundred of times.

Literature

1. 
   Английский (топики/темы): British Cuisine - Английская кухня Електронный ресурс].- Режим доступу: http://www.alleng.ru/engl-top/023.htm
   

3. 
   Ten Strange British Foods  [Електронный ресурс].- Режим доступу:
   

3. 
   8 Distinctly Irish Foods [Електронный ресурс].- Режим доступу: http://www.parade.com/145063/parade/distinctly-irish-foods-3/
   
4. 
   Irish Recipes - Colcannon Recipe [Електронный ресурс].- Режим доступу: http://britishfood.about.com/od/recipeindex/r/colcannon.htm
   

УДК 725.1.012.27(73)(043)=111 Фурлєтов Іван Сергійович

The Empire State Building is a 102-story skyscraper located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet (381 meters), and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 1,454 ft (443.2 m) high. Its name is derived from the nickname for New York, the Empire State. It stood as the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years, from its completion in early 1931 until the topping out of the World Trade Center's North Tower in late 1970. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Empire State Building was again the tallest building in New York (although it was no longer the tallest in the US or the world), until One World Trade Center reached a greater height on April 30, 2012. The Empire State Building is currently the fourth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States (after the One World Trade Center, the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower, both in Chicago), and the 23rd-tallest in the world (the tallest now is BurjKhalifa, located in Dubai). It is also the fourth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas.

The Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It has 6,500 windows and 73 elevators, and there are 1,860 steps from street level to the 102nd floor. It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sqft (257,211 m2); the base of the Empire State Building is about 2 acres (8,094 m2). The building houses 1,000 businesses and has its own zip code, 10118. As of 2007, approximately 21,000 employees work in the building each day, making the Empire State Building the second-largest single office complex in America, after the Pentagon. The building was completed in one year and 45 days. Its original 64 elevators are located in a central core; today, the Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators. It takes less than one minute by elevator to get to the 80th floor, which contains a gift shop and an exhibit detailing the building's construction. From there, visitors can take another elevator or climb the stairs to the 86th floor, where an outdoor observation deck is located.

The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build (equal to roughly $500,000,000 in 2010). Long-term forecasting of the life cycle of the structure was implemented at the design phase to ensure that the building's future intended uses were not restricted by the requirements of previous generations. This is particularly evident in the over-design of the building's electrical system.

Unlike most of today's skyscrapers, the Empire State Building features an art deco design, typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York. The modernistic stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel and glass-enclosed bridges at the second-floor level. The elevator core contains 67 elevators.

The floodlights bathed the building in red, white, and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center, then reverted to the standard schedule. On June 4, 2002, the Empire State Building donned purple and gold (the royal colors of Elizabeth II), in thanks for the United Kingdom playing the Star Spangled Banner during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace on September 12, 2001 (a show of support after the September 11 attacks). This would also be shown after the Westminster Dog Show. Traditionally, in addition to the standard schedule, the building will be lit in the colors of New York's sports teams on the nights they have home games (orange, blue and white for the New York Knicks, red, white and blue for the New York Rangers, and so on). The first weekend in June finds the building bathed in green light for the Belmont Stakes held in nearby Belmont Park. The building is illuminated in tennis-ball yellow during the US Open tennis tournament in late August and early September. It was twice lit in scarlet to support nearby Rutgers University: once for a football game against the University of Louisville on November 9, 2006, and again on April 3, 2007 when the women's basketball team played in the national championship game. On June 1–3, 2012, the building was lit in blue and white, the colors of the Israeli flag, in honor of the 49th annual Celebrate Israel Parade.

The Empire State Building is generally thought of as an American cultural icon. It is designed in the distinctive Art Deco style and has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one on the List of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA.