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THE EXECUTIVE

The Government of the Republic of Belarus controls the functioning of all state management bodies at all levels. It works out and implements fundamental principles of home and foreign policy. It drafts the State Budget and submits it for the approval. The Government ensures and is responsible for the implementation of the state policy in economy, science, defence, home and foreign affairs, health, welfare, ecology and so on.

Local government is carried out by locally elected councils of deputies and executive committees. These bodies are formed in all administrative divisions. The councils of deputies are local legislative bodies, while the executive committees are responsible for providing such services as garbage disposal, water supplies, sewerage, and street cleaning. They also administer the police and fire services as well as education, health service, and housing.

THE JUDICIARY

The judicial power in the Republic of Belarus is vested in courts of law. The judicial system of the Republic is made up of courts of law of three tiers. On the top of the judicial pyramid is the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus. It is the highest appellate court of the country. The Supreme Court includes separate divisions for civil, criminal and military cases. It has original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign dignitaries and those in which the state is a party. It also may decide most serious criminal cases. The Supreme Court is headed by the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus who is appointed by the President on the consent of the upper house of the National Assembly - the Council of the Republic. The Supreme Court judges are nominated by the President on the advice of the Chairman and must be approved by the Council of the Republic. Once approved, all members of the Court hold office for life.

The middle tier of the republican judicial system is made up of the six regional courts and the Minsk Town Court. These courts deal with major criminal, civil and military cases and hear appeals from inferior courts. The decisions of the regional courts may be appealed only to the Supreme Court. All judges of the regional courts including their chairmen are nominated by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court and the Minister of Justice for life.

At the bottom of the judicial pyramid are district and town courts. Most litigations start in these courts. District and town courts decide both criminal and civil cases and deal with administrative matters involving disputes between individuals as well as between individuals, legal entities and government departments. The decisions of district and town courts may be appealed to the corresponding regional court and further up to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus. All judges of these inferior courts are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Justice. The first term of office of an inferior court judge is five years; all other judges are appointed for life.

Control over the constitutional compliance of normative acts in the country is fulfilled by the Constitutional Court.
THE PRESIDENCY

The President of the Republic of Belarus is the Head of the State. He is the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of people and citizens. The term of office of the President is five years.

The constitutional qualifications for the Presidency are relatively simple.

Any natural-born Belarusian who is 35 years or older, permanent resident of the Republic of Belarus for not less than ten years before the election and possessing the right to vote, may be elected to the office. The President is elected in nation-wide election based on free equal direct suffrage by secret ballot. Originally, the Constitution provided that one person couldn’t hold the presidency for more than two terms. On October 18^th, 2004, this provision was amended at the nation-wide referendum thus establishing no limits to the number of terms one may run for the Presidency.

Under the Constitution, the President possesses wide executive, legislative and judicial powers. He has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister, his deputies and all other ministers – heads of the executive departments, decides on the resignation of the Government and its members. He manages all official contacts with foreign governments, appoints ambassadors, diplomats, consuls and ministers, representing the nation abroad, and has the right to make treaties with foreign powers. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and the Head of the Security Council of the Republic of Belarus.

He has the power to appoint the dates of Republican Referendums and regular and extraordinary elections to the House of Representatives and local representative bodies, dissolves both Houses of the Parliament in cases defined by the Constitution, appoints eight members of the Council of the Republic and six members of the Central Commission on Elections and Republican Referendums, forms, abolishes and reorganizes the President’s Administration. On the consent of the Council of the Republic, the President appoints the Heads of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the High Economic Court. With the approval of the House of Representatives, he appoints the Prime Minister, Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Economic Court, the Head of the Central Commission on Elections and Referendums, the General Procurator, the Head and members of the National Bank Executive Board. The President also appoints six Judges of the Constitutional Court and all judges of lower courts. On the notification of the Council of the Republic and on the grounds defined by law, he relieves of their duties the Heads and Judges of the Constitutional, Supreme and High Economic Courts, the Head and members of the Central Commission on Elections and Referendums, the General Procurator, the Head and members of the National Bank Executive Board.

The President is also able to grant pardon to the persons convicted of crimes through the exercise of the prerogative of mercy. He signs all Bills which have passed all stages and have been approved in both Houses of the National Assembly, and may veto or refuse to sign them. The President has the power to issue presidential orders, directions and decrees which have the force of law.

The President has the right to resign any time. If so, his resignation must be accepted by the House of Representatives.

Almost everybody knows the tragic fate of Khatyn, the village that was burnt down together with its inhabitants. In March 1943 old people and teenagers, women with babies in their arms – all were driven by the fascists into a large shed and then the shed was set fire to and 149 people were burnt alive.

Joseph Kaminski, the blacksmith of the collective farm, was among those people doomed to death. The par­tisans found him nearly dead in the ashes of the burnt village. He survived, the only one of all the villagers…

Khatyn… High above rises the bronze figure of a man carrying his son’s body in outstretched arms. Near the monument there is a wreath cut in white marble with the words “Good and kind folk, remember us”. Good and kind …

Ash gray logs and chimneys are on the places where the houses used to be. 26 chimneys and 26 bells toll sadly day and night, night and day. A memorial in commemoration of all the victims of nazism on Belarusian land. Not just a memorial, it’s a cemetery, a graveyard of 136 Belarusian villages that shared the fate of Khatyn. Endless rows of graves, graves with black urns. 136 urns contain the ashes and bear the names of the burnt down villages, which could not return to life and disappeared from the map of Belarus.

Gray marble slabs read: Trostenets, Masyukovshchina, Azarichi, Brest, Minsk, Vitebsk, – 260 death camps, 260 death mills. 2,200.000 Belarusians fell in battles, they died in death chambers or in death camps. There are four openings in the polished plane surface of the black cube. Over three openings green birches rise, over the fourth the Eternal Fire burns. A symbol of eternal sorrow and irreplaceable loss; every fourth citizen of Belarus perished.

There were many noble families in the history of Belarus; however none was more renowned than the Radzivil family. The family left its imprint on a wide variety of human endeavours – from public and political life to culture and education. Members of the family were leaders in wars against the enemies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of the Polish-Lithuanian (Belarussian) Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. For centuries they meticulously collected and preserved books, documents, paintings, weaponry, and many rare and valuable objects that could fill entire museums. With their own money, the Radzivils built painting shops in Berestie (nowadays Brest), Nyesvizh, and other Belarussian cities. They not only influenced politics, economics and culture of their nation, but often did it according to their own needs, aspirations and tastes-History has preserved for us many names of the family members. Let us mention some of them here. Barbara Radzivil (1520-1551), the Queen of Poland and duchess of Lithuania, was “Triumphant by her beauty and love affairs”. Indeed, the love she awoke in the heart of polish king Zyhimont II August was called “the love affair of the century”.

Mikalaj Radzivil Corny (Black) (1515-1565) occupied the following high and responsible posts in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: great chancellor, gove­rnor (vajavoda) of Vilna (capital of the Great Duchy, nowadays Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania), major of Bieras’cie (nowadays Brest), Kounia (nowadays Kaunas in Lithuania) and Barysau and administrator of Livonia. Throughout his entire political career he instituted a firm policy of strengthening the sovereignty of the Belarusian state, and skillfully implemented agrarian and economic reform. Due to his consistent political positions, our state reached its highest prosperity with its public life based on legal principles. As chancellor, Mikalaj Radzivil far-sightedly defined new priorities for our state’s foreign policy in the 16th century that led to a closer integration with countries of Western and Northern Europe. His efforts and sponsorship led to the establishment, in Belarus, of large publishing centres, which provided the opportunity for the continuation of Dr. Francisk Skaryna’s tradition. Duke Mikalaj Radzivil was fluent in Belarusian, Polish and other European languages.

His son Mikalaj Kristof Radzivil-Sirotka (1549-1616), ardent Catholic, headed the fight against Calvinism and issued orders to bum books published by Calvinist printing houses. At the same time, he exerted a great effort to make the architecture of the Radzivil palace in Nyesvizh equal to that of contemporary European cities. He was famous as the author of a detailed travelogue describing his journey to Jerusalem, Syria, Egypt and other “exotic” countries and places.

Franciska Ursula Radzivil (1705-1753) and her husband Michael Kazimir Radzivil Ryban’ka (1702-1762), also from the Nyesvizh branch, were the creators of the first Slavic secular theatre