Theoretical Foundations of Gender Linguistics 1 Main Features of Gender Linguistics
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| Introduction
The question of the presence or the absence of a gender category for a noun in English continues to be one of the controversial ones. Many scholars dealing with the problems of theoretical and practical grammar believe that there is no such grammatical category in the English language. A number of scholars disagree with this statement and provide evidence in favor of the existence of a gender category in the English language. Gender differences between members of different sexes are reflected in any language. Studies of different language systems reveal that there are many similar phenomena in languages of different systems: androcentricity, gender stereotypes, etc. These phenomena can manifest themselves in different ways, which explains the need to compare languages.
Modern linguistic literature, which is devoted to the study of the relationship and mutual influence of gender and language is becoming more and more. Linguistic theories which have been intensively developing in recent years have repeatedly analyzed the category of gender in the English language.
Gender refers to factors that are always present in one way or another in communication: in some contexts it is clearly perceptible, in others - as meaningful fun. The anthropo-oriented approach that emerged in the humanities in the second half of the 20th century indicated an increased interest in various parameters of the human personality, including the human being as a socially conditioned mental construct. Analysis of language not as a system, but as a result of human speech activity contributes to a deep penetration into the space of culture; at the same time, the importance of studying the linguistic personality increases. It seems that the interaction of language and culture (including gender) is universal in the sense that it manifests itself in all languages and cultures. On the other hand, it, apparently, has national specificity due to differences, first of all - the structures of the language, reflecting the uniqueness of a particular culture. Moreover, different aspects of this interaction are studied and analyzed to varying degrees. 3
The surge of interest in gender studies in linguistics is also due to the intensive development in Western European countries of a powerful protest, to varying degrees of ideologically biased feminist discourse, including the emergence of a linguistic reform trend, which sets the goal of combating sexism on the basis of the movement for political correctness in the language. At the stage of the third wave of feminism in the situation of the crisis of feminism, the need arose for a comprehensive, including linguistic, study of the content of feminist discourse, which was rapidly developing during the second wave of feminism in the last decades of the twentieth century.Under the influence of social changes that were outlined in the society of English-speaking countries in the 60s and intensified to date, namely the growth of the feminist movement and the movement for political correctness, many linguists consider the category of gender of the English language as a category reflecting the social structure of society.
The focus of gender studies is on the cultural and social factors that determine the attitude of society towards men and women, the behavior of individuals in connection with belonging to one or another sex, stereotypical ideas about male and female qualities - everything that transfers the problem of gender from the field of biology to the sphere of social life and culture.
The rise and rapid development of the feminist movement contributed to the understanding by women of their importance and the possibility of self-realization in various fields of activity in many Western countries, primarily in English-speaking ones. That is why the research, which is now known as gender linguistics, is carried out on the material of the English language. The concept of gender has already become quite widespread in all spheres of social and academic life, so that few people doubt the need for gender analysis in the humanities. And although gender is primarily a social phenomenon, it is directly manifested not only in sociology and psychology, but also in language.
Culture and language are permeated with gender relations. The focus of gender studies is on the cultural and social factors that determine the attitude of society towards men and women, the behavior of individuals in connection with belonging to one or 4 another sex, stereotypical ideas about male and female qualities - everything that transfers the problem of gender from the field of biology to the sphere of social life and culture.
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