Chapter 1 Theoretical Foundations of Gender Linguistics
1.1 Main Features of Gender Linguistics
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Recently, there has been an increasing interest in gender studies. Gender
linguistics is a direction in linguistics that studies the relationship between gender and
language and the influence of this relationship on the specifics of male and female
speech Gender linguistics emerged at the junction of the sciences of linguistics and
gender studies and has close ties with sociology, political science, socio and
psycholinguistics. Gender linguistics studies language and speech behavior using
gender tools logic. The focus of gender studies is on stereotypical ideas about
masculine and feminine qualities, speech behavior of individuals in connection with
their belonging to one sex or another, representation in the language of the category of
gender, presence of gender asymmetry etc.
Gender linguistics was preceded by feminist criticism of language, or feminist
linguistics, revealed by its laws prove the presence of gender asymmetry in the
language system. This conclusion is interpreted from the standpoint of the hypothesis
of linguistic relativity of Sapir Whorf - language is not only a product of the
development of society, but also a means of shaping its thinking and mentality.
Proceeding from this, feminist criticism of language insists on rethinking and
changing linguistic norms, considering the conscious standardization of the language
and linguistic politics are quite productive factors, for example, in political discourse.
In Russia, Gender linguistics began to be dealt with only in the early 90s. The
beginning of the linguistic analysis of gender was dictated by several factors: more and
more people joined the feminist movement; scholars began to show their interest in the
pragmatic side of language; such a science of language as sociolinguistics received its
development; new trends appeared in philosophy; the ideas of postmodernism have
found their popularity in society; people began to deny the usual moral principles and
tried to move away from traditional views on life.
Gender linguistics studies received a powerful impetus in the United States when
the second wave of feminism began, the main task of which was to achieve not only
formal, but also de facto equality.
Currently, in modern gender linguistics, due to the popularity of research in the
field of cognitive linguistics, scientists are trying to find answers to questions of the
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cognitive status of gender differences in language. Linguists pay close attention to the
similarity and difference between the dialogical and monologic speech of men and
women, as well as to the possibility of imitating speech by a person of the opposite sex.
Nowadays, in the study of gender, attention is focused on its social and cultural aspects.
It should be noted that, in fact, gender studies in linguistics began much earlier
than the term “gender” appeared. This is connected with typological research on the
line "gender" - "category of gender" (in the absence of a category of gender in any
language with other ways of conveying the idea of gender), and with translation
activities, and with understanding the transmission of the semantics of gender in
different languages.
At present, within Gender linguistics studies a number of areas are
distinguished, associated with the ideological attitudes of the authors and with the
historical development of gender studies themselves. From a historical perspective,
there are three stages of their formation:
1. "Alarm" stage. The main attention was paid to the androcentric deviation in
the social sciences, criticism of the interpretational possibilities of social theory,
presented from the male point of view, the defectiveness of traditional patriarchal
epistemology was emphasized. This formulation of the question was developed
primarily in postmodernist works. A general methodological basis for further research
was created: theories of social constructivism and symbolic interactionism were
developed. Thus, in the works of I. Hoffman, an outstanding German linguist,
institutionalization and ritualization of sex are substantiated, and the role of social
structures in the formation of gender identity is shown. At the same time, in linguistics
itself, new directions developed - pragmatics, sociolinguistics, etc., the focus of which
was phenomena that were not previously considered or studied insufficiently within
the framework of structuralism: the relationship between language units and the
speaking person, the functioning of language in various social groups. Socio linguist
U. Labov substantiated and empirically, using statistical methods, confirmed the
probabilistic nature of differences in the use of language by men and women.
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2. The stage of "feminist conceptualization". Its main goal was to develop clear
guidelines for feminist theory and practice. During this period, several areas of feminist
oriented science (feminist psychoanalysis, feminist linguistics) were created, which did
not hide their ideological engagement. He is actively assimilating the modernist theory
to substantiate the feminist worldview and research.
In the late 60s - early 70s. XX century. Gender studies in language received a
powerful impetus thanks to the so-called New Women's Movement in the USA and
Germany, as a result of which a peculiar direction arose in linguistics, called feminist
linguistics, or feminist criticism of language. The main goal of feminist linguistics is
to expose patriarchy - male dominance in social and cultural life.
The specificity of feminist criticism of language can be attributed to its
pronounced polemical character, the development of its own linguistic methodology,
involvement in the linguistic description of the results of the entire spectrum of human
sciences (psychology, sociology, ethnography, anthropology, history, etc.), and also a
number of successful attempts to influence language policy. Originating in the United
States, FL was most widespread in Europe in Germany.
The ideology of feminism is often viewed as one of the components of
postmodern philosophy. Hence - her heightened interest in the phenomena of language.
FL, as well as leading postmodern theorists drew attention to the uneven representation
in the language of persons of different genders.
Androcentrism is a deep cultural tradition that reduces human subjectivity to a
male norm represented as a universal objectivity.
Gender linguistics identifies the following signs of androcentrism:
1. Identification of the concepts "man" and "human". In many European
languages, they are denoted by one word: “homme” in French, “mann” in German. In
the German language there is another designation – “mensch”.
2. Feminine nouns are derived from masculine, and not vice versa. They are
often accompanied by negative evaluativeness. The use of a masculine designation for
a female reference is permissible and increases her status. On the contrary, the
nomination of a man by a female designation contains lives a negative assessment.
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3. Masculine nouns can be used non-specified, that is, to designate persons of
either gender. There is a mechanism of "inclusion" in the grammatical masculine
gender. The language prefers masculine forms to denote persons of either sex or a
group of persons of different sexes. Thus, if we are referring to a teacher and a female
teacher, it suffices to say “teacher”. Thus, according to gender linguistics, in most cases
the language ignores women.
4. The names of the same professions in the male and female variants are
unequal. To designate professions with low social prestige, often there are only
feminine forms.
5. Femininity and masculinity are sharply differentiated - like poles - and
opposed to each other, in qualitative (positive and negative assessment) and
quantitative (dominance of the male as a universal human) attitude, which leads to the
formation of gender asymmetries.
Differences in male and female speech are manifested at different levels of the
language.
1. Phonetic level. The set of pronunciation features in the speech of men and
women is the same, however, their frequency in some cases is different. So Women
tend to stretch vowels more often, which lengthened mainly for the purpose of better
expressing the melodic tone movement or accent stress. This makes a woman's speech
rich in intonation. Melodic richness is also achieved for account of such prosodic
means as aspiration, labialization, nasalization. These funds usually transfer various
shades of the speaker's emotional state.
2. Lexical level. The study of the male and female vocabulary as a whole showed
that men have less central common vocabulary, but men have a better command of
various peripheral sections of the vocabulary. Research results prove that in men closer
to the center are such word groups as professionalism, terms - i.e. in men are actualized
professional knowledge. In women, these word groups are on the periphery. But closer
to the core such groups of words that can be conventionally called "ersatznominations",
i.e. words that are defective substitutes for this or that term. Most often,
ersatznominations are accompanied by excessive use pronouns particles.
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The study of patterns in the use of invectives, jargon, slang elements showed
that these groups of words are located on the periphery of the female lexical field and
closer to the center in the organization male vocabulary. It is a well-known fact that in
the thesaurus of the female linguistic personality such thematic groups of words as
"family", "home", "children", "clothes", "cosmetics", "diet" are activated and others.
In the male thesaurus, other thematic groups are activated: "sport", "technology",
"politics".
"Fishing", "army", etc. Some thematic groups in the male and female thesaurus
are different in their volume. So, the vocabulary of color designations for women is
much wider. Research the internal vocabulary of a person, taking into account his
gender, showed that the structure of female associative fields have a number of
differences from male ones. So, the number of associations per one stimulus word in
there are on average twice as many women as men. On the other hand, male
associations are more diverse and more original, and women are often banal and
standard.
3. Morphological level. Experimental studies of male and female texts (as
oral and written) suggest that women are more likely to use evaluative adjectives,
pronouns, particles, interjections like oh. The use of grammatically indefinite and
semantically wasted words is also a typical feminine trait.
4. Pragmatic level. The embodiment and filling of a particular genre in women
and men in certain communication situations are different. So, there are, for example,
differences in masculine and feminine the embodiment of a variety of etiquette genres.
Typically male and typically female forms can be distinguished. In a transport situation
of communication, only a man can contact a taxi driver or driver bus in this way: chief,
commander, owner.
Communication should take into account the following gender characteristics:
1) the average man interprets the speech of the interlocutor and the information
communicated to him; interrupts the interlocutor more often, especially if it is a
woman; discusses and disputes opinions more often
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the interlocutor, ignores his comments; tries to dominate the conversation; expresses
its intentions directly, without using correct and overly polite forms of words; selects
topics of conversation; is considering questions as a source of information, and not as
a means to continue the conversation; always tries in conversation resolve the problems
and give advice on this matter;
2) women ask more questions; questions, as a rule, are asked with a view to
whatsoever. Way continue the conversation; a woman more often than a man expresses
disagreement with the opinion of the interlocutor in silence; expresses their approval
more often (verbally and non-verbally); avoids the elements of "familiar" speech
behavior (i.e. the use of nicknames, derogatory terms); apologizes more often.
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