Тема 4.2. «Формы организации предприятий Великобритании США»

1. 
   Работа с активным словарем по теме.
   
2. 
   Работа с текстом по теме.
   
3. 
   Выполнение предтекстовых упражнений.
   
4. 
   Выполнение грамматических упражнений.
   

• 
  sole trader
  
• 
  partnership
  
• 
  limited liability company
  
• 
  branch of a foreign company.
  

The most common type of company in the United Kingdom is the limited liability company. At the end of the name of such a company the word Ltd. is used. For example: Wilson and Son Ltd.

Many of such companies are joint-stock companies owned by shareholders.

Limited liability companies are divided into public and private ones. Only public companies may offer shares to the public at the stock exchange. The names of such companies end in p.l.c. which stands for public limited company. For instance: John and Michael p.l.c.

Private limited companies may not offer shares to the public. The names of such companies end simply in Ltd.

A branch of a foreign company is a part of a company incorporated outside Great Britain but acting under the law of the U.K. Usually these companies act in the U.K. under their normal foreign names.

2. Are all limited liability companies joint-stock companies ?

3. What can you say about the types of the following companies ?

Fine Furniture Ltd.

General Foods p.l.c.
II. Translate into Russian:

Sole trader, farmer, garage man, joint-stock limited liability company, private limited liability company, a company acting under the British law.

2. The names of such companies … simply in Ltd.

3. Many of such companies are joint-stock companies … by shareholders.
Exercise 2. Translate the text into Russian and do the exercises:
FORMS OF BUSINESSES IN THE U.S.A.
Businesses in the U.S.A. may be organized as one of the following forms:

• 
  individual business
  
• 
  general partnership
  
• 
  limited partnership
  
• 
  corporation
  
• 
  alien corporation
  

A general partnership has got several owners. They all are liable for debts and they share in the profits.

A limited partnership has got at least one general owner and one or more other owners. They have only a limited investment and a limited liability.

A corporation is owned by persons, called stockholders. The stockholders usually have certificates showing the number of shares which they own. The stockholders elect a director or directors to operate the corporation. Most corporations are closed corporations, with only a few stockholders. Other corporations are owned by many stockholders who buy and sell their shares at will. Usually they have little interest in management of the corporations.

All the corporations are to receive their charters from the state authorities. The charters state all the powers of the corporation. Many corporations try to receive their charters from the authorities of the State of Delaware, though they operate in other states. They prefer the State of Delaware because the laws are liberal there and the taxation is rather low. Such corporations, which receive their charters from an outside state, are called foreign corporations.

All the corporations require a certificate to do business in the state where they prefer to operate.
I. Sum up what the text says about:
individual businesses

general partnerships

limited partnerships

corporations

alien corporations

foreign corporations

charters and certificates
II. Translate into Russian:
general partnership to be liable for debts,

to share in profits, limited partnership,

to have a limited investment, to have a limited liability corporation,

closed corporation, certificates showing the number of shares they own.

partnerships – general and limited partnerships

2. We (to finish) his project by the end of the next week?

3. She (to do) my homework by five o’clock tomorrow.

4. When I come home tomorrow, my family (to have) lunch.

5. When they (to come) to the party tomorrow, I (to cook) dinner. I (to finish) it by 5 pm.

6. If the weather is fine, we (to go) to the picnic.

7. You (to complete) the project by the end of the week?

8. What you (to do) by the end of the year?

9. What you (to make) by five o’clock tomorrow?

10. You (to finish playing) tennis by 7 pm?

11. You (to do) this project by next Friday?
Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks in The Past Perfect Tense:
1. Joe began to work on his own project after the company … (to fire) him.

2. … (to hear) the news on the radio before you saw the program on TV?

3. Jacob didn’t want to read the book because he … (to see) already the movie.

4. The match … (to begin) already when we … (to enter) the stadium.

5. Until Susan … (to meet) Jeremy, she never … (to fall) in love.

6. Mr. Smith … (to smoke) for year before he … (to decide) to give up this bad habit.

7. … (to drive) Kate ever on the highway by herself before that accident?

8. How many butterflies … (to catch) the boys by the time it started raining?

9. Parents … (to forbid) them to go to the forest, hadn’t they?

Раздел № 4 «Профессиональный английский язык».
Тема 4.3. «Обучение переводу».
План изучения темы:

1. 
   Работа с активным словарем по теме.
   
2. 
   Работа с текстом по теме.
   
3. 
   Выполнение грамматических упражнений.
   

The entire discipline of economics—and all economic activity—arises from a scarcity of goods and services in comparison to human wants and needs. If there is not enough of something for everyone who wants or needs it, society faces a serious problem: it has to make decision about some basic economic questions.

Throughout history there have always been people who obtained what they wanted or needed by force*. The barbarians who sacked Rome practiced this form of “economic activity,” and in modern times it is practiced by armed robbers. But a society* requires an orderly system* of producing and distributing the necessities and luxuries of life. Such a system is essential to a stable society. Economics is the study of systems of production and distribution— which are called economies—and of their fundamentals, dynamics, and results.
*by force силой

*society общество

*orderly system упорядоченная систем
Exercise 2. Form the nouns from the verbs using the following suffixes. Translate them into Russian:

a) с помощью суффикса - ance

to assist − помогать, ассистировать

to perform − представлять

to assist – помогать

to enter − входить, поступать
b) с помощью суффикса - ness

white – белый

good – хороший

great – великий

hard – твердый
c) с помощью суффикса - ity

electric – электрический

active – активный

valid –имеющий силу, обоснованный, действенный

real – действительный, реальный
d) с помощью суффикса - age

to press – давить

to leak – протекать

to break – ломать

to shrink – уменьшать, сокращать
e) с помощью суффикса - ence

exist – существовать

depend – зависеть

differ – различать

convenient – удобный
f) с помощью суффикса - ency

president – президент

independent – независимый

frequent – частый

Barter deal, exchange prices, market-rate, balance sheet, business accounting, gross receipt, compensation agreement, cheque account, interest rates, deposit money, exchange money, order checks.

1. 
   Economics is the study of how people, individually and collectively, allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited wants.
   
2. 
   Scarcity occurs because human wants exceed the production possible with our limited time and resources.
   
3. 
   A good is any item or service that satisfies a human want and, in so doing, adds to human happiness.
   
4. 
   Production entails using technology to apply energy to materials in ways that make the materials more valuable, or that otherwise help satisfy human wants.
   
5. 
   Labour resources are the physical and mental talents that people can make available for production.
   
6. 
   Opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative surrendered when a choice is made.
   
7. 
   Absolute prices are prices in terms of some monetary unit.
   
8. 
   Relative prices are the prices of goods or resources in terms of each other, and are computed by dividing their absolute prices by one another.
   
9. 
   Economic efficiency is achieved when we produce the combination of outputs with the highest attainable total value, given our limited resources.
   
10. 
    Inputs are resources used in the production process, such as labour and raw or semifinished materials.
    
11. 
    Outputs are transformed materials; the results of production.
    
12. 
    Demand is the quantity of a specific good that people are willing and able to buy during a specific period, given the choices available.
    

2. He went where he had intended to go.

3. The designs have to be examined and approved of by experts

4. Do you live in the same street?

5. They say that our professor is in the laboratory

6. You are to come at 9!

7. He told us that he was writing an article about-Russian

8. I lost the book which you had given me

9. She has to go to school.

10. They do their home tasks after their work is over.

1. 
   Работа с активным словарем по теме.
   
2. 
   Работа с текстом по теме.
   
3. 
   Выполнение предтекстовых упражнений.
   
4. 
   Выполнение грамматических упражнений.
   

English banknotes are issued by the Bank of England. As to coins they are minted also by this state bank.

There are banknotes of the following denominations: Ј 1, Ј 5, Ј 10,

Ј 20, Ј 50 and Ј 100.

The following coins are in circulation: halfpenny, one penny, two pence, five pence, ten pence, fifty pence.

On the face of English banknotes one can read the denomination given both in figures and in words.

Then the inscription on the face of the banknote reads: I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of... And then there are two signatures. The first signature is that of the person authorized by the Government and the Bank of England.

The second signature is that of the Chief Cashier.

The back of English banknotes, like many other banknotes, feature portraits of different famous people.

The one pound banknote, for example, features Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) a well-known English scientist who made a few very important discoveries including gravitation law.

The back of the five pound note portrays the Duke of Wellington (1769 - 1852), a famous Irish general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, Belgium in 1815.

On the back of the ten pound note one can see Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910), founder of the nursing profession. She volunteered as a nurse to Turkey to take care of he wounded soldiers from Crimean War, war of England and France versus Russia.

And the back of the twenty pound banknote features William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616), the greatest playwright of all time.
Exercises:
I. Find the answer to the following questions in the text:
1. What is the official currency of the U.K.?

2. What is the smallest unit?

3. How many pence are there in one pound?

4. What banknotes and coins are in circulation in the U.K. now?

5. What famous people are featured on the back of various English banknotes?
II. Sum up what the text says about:
English banknotes

English coins

On the back of the ten pound note one can sea Florence Nightingale, … of the nursing profession.

2. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы подождали меня здесь.

3. Он хочет, чтобы его сын стал врачом.

4. Он хочет, чтобы его послали в С.-Петербург на конференцию.

5. Она хочет, чтобы ее пригласили на вечер.

6. Мы не хотели, чтобы нас прерывали.

7. Хотите ли вы, чтобы я вам помог?

8. Я хочу, чтобы его статья была опубликована.

9. Доктор не хочет, чтобы вы ехали на юг.

10. Он хочет, чтобы груз был застрахован.

11. Она не любит, чтобы дети готовили уроки вечером.

12. Она любит, чтобы обед был вовремя.

13. Он не любит, когда его прерывают.

14. Он хочет, чтобы ему задавали вопросы.

1. That nobody saw them was a mere chance. 2. The mother insisted that her son should enter the university. (on) 3. The place looked so picturesque and cheerful that he rejoiced at the thought that he would come to live there. (of) 4. When he entered, she stood up and left the room, and even did not look at him. (without) 5. When Robert came home from the college, after he had passed his examinations, he felt very happy. (on) 6. In the darkness they were afraid that they might lose their way. (of) 7. When he reached his destination, he sent a telegram home to say that he had arrived safely. (on) 8. Thank you that you helped me. (for) 9. The new medicine may be recommended only after it is approved by the Scientific Board. 10. You will never learn your mistakes if you do not write them out. (without) 11. When the boy entered the room, he glanced curiously around. (on) 12. The patient felt much better after he had been given proper treatment. 13. Just before I left the classroom, I was approached by a fellow student who asked me to help him. 14. Looking at the man attentively, she remembered that she had seen him and spoken to him on several occasions.

1. 
   It is the government’s bank. It handles the income and expenditure of Exchequer and other government departments.
   
2. 
   The clearing banks maintain accounts at the Bank of England. The final cash settlements within the banking the banking system and between the banking system and the Bank of England take place through these accounts. The Bank is a banker for about 100 overseas central banks and international monetary institutions.
   
3. 
   It manages the national debt. This is a major responsibility which involves making repayments on government securities when they mature, undertaking new issues of long-term securities, making regular payments on interest to holders of existing government securities, and handling the weekly issues of Treasury bills. The management of the national debt, as we shall see later, has important effects on the supply of money and the rate of interest.
   
4. 
   It is the lender of last resort. The Bank of England stands ready to come to the assistance of the banking system in times when it is threatened by a shortage of cash.
   
5. 
   It acts as the government’s agent in the foreign exchange market, in which it can intervene to influence the value of sterling against other currencies.
   
6. 
   It has the responsibility for carrying out the government’s monetary policy.
   
7. 
   It has legal powers to supervise the operations of other banks. All banks are expected to supply the Bank of England with information about their business, and they have to respond to directives given to them by the bank.
   

• 
  dollars
  
• 
  Federal Reserve Note
  
• 
  The United States of America
  
• 
  this note is legal tender (платежное средство) for all debts public and private
  
• 
  Washington, D.C.
  
• 
  Treasurer of the United States
  
• 
  Secretary of the Treasury.
  

• 
  George Washington (1732-1799), the first President of the United States of America, who gave his name to the capital of the country.
  
• 
  Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865) who was President from 1861 to 1865 after the war between the northern and southern states. It was he who proclaimed freedom of slaves of the south.
  
• 
  Alexander Hamilton (1755 – 1804), a famous American statesman, who fought in the Independence War together with George Washington. Later he became the first Secretary of the Treasury.
  
• 
  Andrew Jackson (1767 -1845) who was President of the USA from 1829 to 1837, when Texas won independence from Mexico.
  
• 
  Ulysses Grant (1822 – 1885) who was President of the USA from 1869 to 1877 when the Centennial Exposition was held in Philadelphia.
  
• 
  Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) a very popular public figure, writer, diplomat and scientist. It was he who invented bifocal spectacles among many other things.
  

• 
  Lincoln Monument, one of the monuments in Washington
  
• 
  US Treasury Building, in Washington
  
• 
  White House, house of every President, except George Washington, who only planned the capital of the USA
  
• 
  US Capitol, which houses the Senate and the House of Representatives
  
• 
  Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, where Independence of the 13 British colonies was proclaimed.
  

2. Bank of England ___________banknotes and ____________coins.

3. On the face of English banknotes one can read the _______________________

4. The ______________________is given both in figures and in _____________

5. The _____________________on the face of the ______________reads: I promise to pay the ____________________on demand fifty Pounds.

6. The first _______________is that of the person authorized by the Government and the ________________.

7. The second signature is that of the _____________________.

8. Isaac Newton is a well-know English __________________.

9. Florence Nightingale is the founder of the ________________profession. She ___________ as a nurse to Turkey to take care of the wounded soldiers.

10. Alexander Hamilton was a famous American __________________who fought in the Independence War.

11. The _____________________issues dollars.
II. Sum up what the text says about:
American banknotes

American coins

- its issuer

- inscriptions, if any

- portraits, if any

- flags, if any.
Exercise 7. Translate into Russian:
1. It easy for him to read this book.

2. Is it winter now in that part of the country?

3. There is a lot of snow in winter.

4. It won't be cold in September, I hope.

5. They say I’m a terrible chef.

6. It was nine o'clock when we got home.

7. Here are no limits for love.

8. It is impossible to find a needle in the haystack.

9. It is hard for students to apply for a good job.

10. One must be careful.

11. It takes me two days to learn 100 words.

12. There is too much noise.

The Federal Reserve System (the Fed) is the central bank of the United States. It was established in 1913 to promote a healthy economic climate that banks in financial difficulties by providing limited credit facilities. A central bank is often thought of a bankers’ bank, overseeing the banking system. The central bank also is usually the government ’s bank and conducts monetary policy in major developed countries .The Fed has a number of responsibilities, many involving the commercial banking system directly. These include regulating a major portion of the system and leading funds as required to all commercial banks and many other depository financial intermediaries. The Fed ’s influence on commercial banking in particular and on the whole financial system. The Federal Reserve System also provides federal insurance to commercial bank-members of insurance scheme. If these banks go bankrupt, their depositors will receive a compensation of up to 100,000 dollars for each account they had.

Commercial banks can be thought of as the hub of the financial system. They are defined by federal statutes as an entity that accept demand deposits and makes commercial loans. They account more than 60 percent of all deposits in the United States. Commercial banks’ lending activity is also substantial. For example, the banks had almost $650 billion in commercial and industrial loans and $756 billion in mortgage loans outstanding at the end of 1989.They were by far the largest lenders to business and the second largest mortgage lenders after savings institutions. In recent years, they have surpassed savings institutions in mortgage lending in many periods.

The Bank carried on as best it could until the expiry of its charter in 1836, when it sought and won a state charter as the Bank of the United States of Pennsylvania. The long and rancorous affair became known as the, and Jackson's victory in it precluded for almost 80 years--until the creation in 1913 of the FederalReserveSystem--any effective regulation of private banks in the United States.

2. Jane was found crying in the corner.

3. The weather permitting, we shall go to the country.

4. It being very cold, we could not go for a walk.

5. The sun having risen, we continued our way.

6. They watched him entering the house.

7. The article having been translated, the student showed it to the teacher.

8. The article having been translated, the student showed it to the teacher.

9. The weather permitting, we shall go to the country.

10. It being very cold, we could not go for a walk.

11. I saw John passing our house.

12. I want the work done.