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UDC 781.11
AN OVERVIEW OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING
Urynbasar Y.S.– student group YUM 21-1k9
Eshmuratova A.T. – master, teacher
David W Johnson and Roger T Johnson.Without the cooperation of its members society cannot survive, and
the society
of man has survived because the cooperativeness of its members made survival possible…. It was not an advantageous
individual here and there who did so, but the group. In human societies the individuals who are most likely to survive are those
who are best enabled to do so by their group.
How students interact with each another is a neglected aspect of instruction. Much training time is devoted
to helping
teachers arrange appropriate interactions between students and materials (i.e., textbooks, curriculum programs) and some time is
spent on how teachers should interact with students, but how students should interact with one another is relatively ignored. It
should not be. How teachers structure student-student interaction patterns has a lot to say about how well students learn, how
they feel about school and the teacher, how they feel about each other, and how much self-esteem they have.
In the mid-1960s,cooperative learning was relatively unknown and largely ignored by educators.Elementary,secondary,
and university teaching was dominated by competitive and individualistic learning.Cultural resistance to cooperative learning
was based on social Darwinism, with its premise that students must be taught to survive in a “dog-eat-dog” world, and the myth
of “rugged individualism” underlying the use of individualistic learning. While competition dominated educational thought, it
was being challenged by individualistic learning largely based on B. F. Skinner’s work on programmed
learning and behavioral
modification.Educational practices and thought, however, have changed.Cooperative learning is now an accepted and often the
preferred instructional procedure at all levels of education. Cooperative learning is presently used in schools and universities in
every part of the world, in every subject area, and with every age student. It is difficult to find a text on instructional methods, a
teacher’s journal, or instructional materials that do not discuss cooperative learning.Materials on cooperative
learning have been
translated into dozens of languages.Cooperative learning is now an accepted and highly recommended instructional procedure
[1].
Philosophers and psychologists in the 1930s and 40’s such as John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Morton Deutsh also
influenced the cooperative learning theory practiced today. Dewey believed it was important that students develop
knowledge
and social skills that could be used outside of the classroom, and in the democratic society. This theory portrayed students as
active recipients of knowledge by discussing information and answers in groups, engaging in the learning process together rather
than being passive receivers of information (e.g., teacher talking, students listening) [1].
Lewin’s contributions to cooperative learning were based on the ideas of establishing relationships between
group
members in order to successfully carry out and achieve the learning goal. Deutsh’s contribution to cooperative learning was
positive social inter dependence, the idea that the student is responsible for contributing to group knowledge.
Since then, David and Roger Johnson have been actively contributing to the cooperative learning theory. In 1975, they
identified that cooperative learning promoted mutual liking, better communication, high acceptance and support, as well as
demonstrated an increase in a variety of thinking strategies among individuals in the group. Students who showed to be more
competitive lacked in their interaction and trust with others, as well as in their emotional involvement with other students.
In 1994 Johnson and Johnson published the 5 elements (positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face
interaction, social skills, and processing) essential for effective group learning, achievement, and higher-order social, personal
and cognitive skills (e.g., problem solving, reasoning, decision-making, planning, organizing, and reflecting).
Formal cooperative
learning is structured, facilitated, and monitored by the educator over time and is used to achieve
group goals in task work (e.g. completing a unit). Any course material or assignment can be adapted to this type of learning, and
groups can vary from 2-6 people with discussions lasting from a few minutes up to an entire period. Types offormal cooperative
learning strategies include:
-Assignments that involve group problem solving and decision making
-Laboratoryor experiment assignments
-Peer review work (e.g. editing writing assignments).
-Having experience and developing skill with this type of learning often facilitates informal and base learning. Jigsaw
activities are wonderful because the student assumes the role of the teacher on a given topic and is in charge
of teaching the topic
to a classmate. The idea is that if students can teach something, they have already learned the material. [3]
Formal cooperative learning consists of students working together, for one class period to several weeks, to achieve
shared learning goals and complete jointly specific tasks and assignments (Johnson, Johnson, &Holubec, 2008). In formal
cooperative learning groups the teachers’ role includes:
1. social skills objectives, (b) decide on the size of groups, choose a method for assigning students to groups, decide
which roles to assign group members, arrange
the room, and arrange the materials students need to complete the assignment. In
these preinstructional decisions, the social skills objectives specify the interpersonal and small group skills students are to learn.
By assigning students roles, role interdependence is established. The way in which materials are distributed can create resource
interdependence. The arrangement of the room can create environmental interdependence and provide the teacher with easy
access to observe
each group, which increases individual accountability and provides data for group processing.
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