Issn 305-9397. Ғылым және білім. 2022. №1-1 (66) issn 2305-9397
ISSN 2305-9397. Ғылым және білім. 2022. № 3-3 (68)
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- BACTERIAL DISEASES OF CEREALS IN KAZAKHSTAN ANNOTATION
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| ISSN 2305-9397. Ғылым және білім. 2022. № 3-3 (68)____ _
169 Shamekova M.Kh., PhD, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8746-7484 Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, 050040, Timiryazev street 45, Kazakhstan, shamekov@gmail.com BACTERIAL DISEASES OF CEREALS IN KAZAKHSTAN ANNOTATION Environmental and genetic monitoring of pathogens of the most dangerous bacterial diseases of wheat and other cereal crops was carried out - pathogens of black (Xanthomonas campestris) and basal (Pseudomonas syringae) bacterioses of wild and agricultural cereal crops. In total, 93 plant samples of cereal crops were collected in the west and north of Kazakhstan with symptoms of bacterial diseases and 120 DNA samples were isolated. Molecular screening of pathogens of bacterial diseases using specific markers showed the presence of pathogens of basal and black bacteriosis and their pathovars in the northern region of Kazakhstan. Bacterioses infecting cereals were identified using the ITS region sequences. The causative agent of basal bacteriosis (Pseudomonas syringae) was identified in samples from the Karaganda, Kostanay, and Akmola regions, which was confirmed by the results of sequencing of the species-specific genome region of this bacterium. Research on the development of a method for identifying bacterioses of cereal crops based on molecular methods is new for Kazakhstan and the world community. Key words: wheat, wild cereals, bacterial diseases, pathogen potavars, bacterial leaf streak, basal glume rot. Introduction. Agricultural cereals, including wheat, are affected by bacterial diseases, the causative agents of which infect many wild cereals, which complicates the effective protection of crops from pathogens. The causative agents are rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Bacillus. In the Central Chernozem Zone of Russia and Kazakhstan on winter wheat, there are 3 types of bacterial diseases (bacteriosis) - black, basal, and brown, which differ in symptoms and species composition of pathogens [1, 2]. The causative agent of basal bacteriosis (basal glume rot) is the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens [3]. Symptoms of the disease on the spikelets appear at the base of the scales in the form of translucent spots. With a strong development of the disease, symptoms of infection are observed as blackening and deformation of the entire ear and formation of a puny grain. Seedlings from affected seeds lag in growth and often die. The disease is common on winter and spring wheat in regions with a fairly humid climate. The yield of plants affected by black bacteriosis can decrease from 15 to 90%. Infected seeds and crop leavings are the main sources of infection transmission, where the pathogen survives until the following year [4]. The bacterium Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, which also affects sorghum, Sudan grass, corn, and millet, was identified to produce bacterial spotting in spring wheat in the Akmola region [5]. The cause of bacterial leaf streak (BLS), Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens, manifests as watery patches on the leaves that later turn brown. This gram-negative bacterium can cause significant illnesses in crops and forage grasses. Pathovars in the translucens group are the source of bacterial leaf streak (BLS) in cereals such wheat, barley, triticale, rye, and oats [6]. In recent years, BLS has again become a serious problem for many regions of the world producing wheat and barley. Pathogen biology and host-pathogen interactions in cereal BLS diseases have been poorly understood. Nevertheless, recent genome sequence data has provided insight into bacterial phylogeny, identification, and pathogenicity/virulence [7]. Moreover, identification of sources of resistance to BLS and mapping of resistance genes was initiated. In 2002, for the first time, a noticeable lesion of spring wheat with a bacterial leaf streak was detected in the Akmola region. Later, it was found in the Pilont Plant Facility «Zarechnoye» of the Kostanay Research Institute of Agriculture on the Omskaya 24 variety, and barley, which was heavily affected by the disease. In 2005, bacterial leaf streak was found in the Taiynshinsky and Akkayynsky districts of the North Kazakhstan region on the wheat varieties Omskaya 19, Astana, Astana 2, and Pamyati Aziyeva. Its noticeable development took place in 2007-2008 and 2015 on the crops of the experimental station |