З. Г. Прошина Передача китайских, корейских и японских слов при переводе с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский

Упражнение 16

The art of ikebana originated in the fifteenth cen­tury, apparently in the tearoom of the Silver Pavilion of the Jisho Temple in Kyoto (which was built for the eighth shogun of the Ashikaga family, Yoshimasa).

With the beginning of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1603, the practice of ikebana became widespread, and many schools developed — some advocating the formal (rikka), or standing, style; others, a natural style known as nage-ire, or thrown in. The formal school gave birth to the heaven-earth-man (ten-chi-jin) principle, which all schools now follow.

Flower arranging was once popular with both men and women, but it is now practiced primarily by women and is considered a vital part of the up­bringing of all young girls, several million of whom take lessons in it each year.

There are over 20 well-known ikebana schools in Japan today, plus numerous offshoots and branches. Among the best known are Sogetsu-ryu, Misho-ryu, Saga-ryu, Ohara-ryu, Ikenobo, Kyofu-ryu, Ko-ryu, Enshu-ryu, Adachi-shiki, and Nakayama Bumpo-kai.⁵⁵

2

Fish

Fish is the main meat eaten in Japan, as one might expect from a country of islands. Every Japanese knows when different fish are in season, as you know the seasons of fruits in your country.

• Ayu, sweetfish, a real delicacy. Dipped in a special water-pepper sauce.

• Hamachi, yellowtail. An excellent sashimi. Try it after a maguro sashimi and see the difference.

• Hirame, sole

• Iwashi, sardine, a spring fish. There is a nice modern cynical haiku which says that we in the city, isolated from nature, we only know that spring has arrived when the sardines appear on the table, having slipped in through the underground rail lines.

• Katsuo, bonito. Top of the sashimi list.

• Kisu, smelt

• Maguro, tuna. A safe regular fish for sashimi.

• Nishin, herring

• Sake, or shake. Not to be confused with the rice wine, of course.
Shake is salmon. A favourite for cooking in foil on the teppan, the
steel hot plate.

• Sanma, mackerel-pike. Highly recommended. The Japanese at­tribute all sorts of curative properties to it. There is an old saying: when the sanma are in season, the masseurs are out of business.

• Shirano, whitebait. Early spring.

• 
  Tai, sea bream.⁵⁶
  

An open competition in which competitors perform any kata of their own choice within a time limit of 2-3 minutes. These must consist of aikido techniques. If the kata is unlikely to be known to the judges, a written sequence of techniques must be submitted prior to the competition commencing.

By Ichiro Kano

AIthough the surimi industry has spread around the world, Japan still remains the world's largest producer and consumer. The traditional surimi in­dustry, which makes various consumer products out of minced fish meat in the crude form, began a long time ago. It has since been fueled by the development of Alaska pollock surimi.

Consumption

Consumption is usually focused on four major product forms, namely:

- chikuwa - tube-shaped fish paste;

- kamaboko - boiled fish paste;

- satsumaage - fried fish paste product; and

- hampen - floating-type boiled fish paste.

Although total household expenditure on surimi has not grown at all, that for some products like kamaboko has increased slightly. In addition to the traditional products, new products - typified by kanikama or artificial crab legs - have been developed during the past decade. The growth in the kanikama market has not been as much as previously anticipated per­haps due to the fact that consumers always prefer real crab to imitation if the real one is available.

In view of stagnating consumption, major surimi manufacturers are diversifying their consumer products. New products in­clude: cheese sandwiched by hampen: easy-to-eat kamaboko; satsuma-age with hampen taste; squid-surimi kamaboko and hi-tech kanikama — all of which are selling well.⁵⁸

The most important event occurred in 1684 when a noted samisen player, Takezawa Gonemon, joined the puppeteer Yoshida Saburobei and the joruri singer known as Takemoto Gidayu for a series of performances that resulted in the formation of their own theater. Its excellence was augmented when they asked a young writer, Chikamatsu Monzaemon, to write plays for their limited repertoire. The result of this merger was the creation of plays of such interest and popularity that the success of the venture was assured.

Gidayu gave his name to his style of joruri, still known as gidayu, and Chikamatsu became the "Shakespeare of Japan." It is estimated that Gidayu composed over 130 works before his death in 1714. Chikamatsu, who died 10 years later, wrote 110 plays for puppets, as well as 30 for Kabuki. Together these works formed the basis of the puppet repertoire as well as, in part, of Kabuki. The doll drama finally took its definitive name, Bunraku, from the Osaka Bunrakuza theater, where it eventually found a permanent home in 1909.⁵⁹

5

As a result of renewed contact with China, this time with the Sung dynasty, Japanese architecture developed two new architectural styles. One of these styles, called the Daibutsu-yo, was used in the reconstruction of the Todai-ji at Nara, which possesses a famous Daibutsu; the other was the later Zen style of architecture, imported with the Zen (Ch'an) Buddhist sect.

Harried by wars and civil disturbances, the aristocrats and the newly created, nihilistic warrior class welcomed contemplative, anti-intellectual Zen. As a result, the Zen architectural style acquired great popularity and was used for many other building types as well as for temple structures. In contrast to the older Japanese styles, which emphasized gentleness, horizontal lines, ornamentation, and craftsmanship, the new Zen style tended to verticality and was structurally and architecturally more powerful. Although made of wood, Zen buildings seem to share a design mood with Gothic cathedrals, and the somber aridity of the gardens usually built in Zen temple precincts intensifies the similarity of mood by its austere silence.

Spaced at a considerable distance along a single axis, the main components of the typical Zen temple monastery are the main gate (sammori), the Buddha Hall (Butsuden), the lecture hall (hatto), and the abbot's quarters (hojo). Although no Zen temples of the Kamakura period remain in their complete form, such genuine relics as the Shariden (Hall of Relics) of the Engaku-ji, in Kamakura, and restored temples such as the Kencho-ji, also in Kamakura, and the Tofuku-ji, Daitoku-ji, and Myoshin-ji, all in Kyoto, suggest their original plan and form.⁶⁰

Viewed from afar, Tokyo until recently was a typical Japanese low-rise city. Fear of earthquakes restricted the height of buildings, but since the mid-1970s new methods of construction have encouraged the building of skyscrapers. Most visible are those in the western neighborhoods called Shinjuku and Ikebukuro, which now overshadow the once imposing Tokyo Tower that dominated the downtown area from the 1950s.

As the city grew, it spread particularly west-, south-, and northward from what is now the central business area, with its financial heart in the Marunouchi and Kabuto-cho districts and glamorous shopping region in the famous Ginza, Japan's Fifth Avenue. A circular arrangement was fashioned, the inner parts devoted more to commerce and the points around the edges becoming secondary neighborhoods. These neighborhoods are often even more bustling than the geographic center. Shimbashi and Shinagawa in the south; Gotanda, Shibuya, Shinjuku, and Ikebukuro in the west; and Ueno, Akihabara, and Kanda in the east are landmark subcenters of the great metropolis. In time, housing and commercial activity spread widely beyond these points, gradually turning what was mainly farmland into condensed and confined residential and work places. Today Tokyo occupies a vast area beyond the confines of its 23 ku, or wards, which mark the older city. Tokyo is made up of the shi, or city, and the to, or metropolis, the latter the equivalent of a prefecture, or Japanese state.⁶¹

7

Rivers and Lakes

Although Japan is abundantly watered—almost every valley has a stream—no long navigable rivers exist. The larger Japanese rivers vary in size from swollen freshets during the spring thaw or the summer rainy season to small streams during dry weather. Successions of rapids and shallows are so common that only boats with extremely shallow draft can navigate them. The longest river in Japan is the Shinano, on Honshu, which is 367 km (228 mi) long; other large rivers on Honshu are the Tone, Kitakami, Tenryu, and Mogami. The important rivers of Hokkaido include the Ishikari, the Teshio and Tokachi. The Yoshino is the longest river on Shikoku. The many Japanese lakes are noted for their scenic beauty. Some are located in the river valleys, but the majority are mountain lakes, and many are summer resorts. The largest lake in Japan is Biwa, on Honshu, which covers about 672 sq km (about 259 sq mi).⁶²

Later, Ama Terasu created rice fields, inada, where she cultivated the rice without which the people of the Far East could not live. Ama Terasu also invented the art of weaving with the loom and taught the people how to cultivate wheat and silkworms.⁶³

Shrines are the focus of Japan's indigenous Shinto faith. Ise (Kansai region) has the imperial shrine to Amaterasu, the mythical ancestor of the Japanese imperial line. Nikko has the shrine to Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, while Izumo Taisha has the largest and, it is claimed, oldest shrine hall in Japan. Kyoto is particularly well endowed with impressive shrines, including Heian-jingu. Other mportant shrines include the popular Meiji-jingu in Tokyo, the Itsukushima-jinja with its much photographed floating torii on Miya-jima Island, and the hilltop Kotohira-gu in Shikoku.

The best examples of Buddhist temples are found in Kyoto, Nara and the surrounding Kansai region. Important Kyoto temples include: Daitoku-ji, with its gardens; ancient Kiyomizu-dera with its superb hillside setting; 13th century Sanjusangen-do; and Toji, established in 794. Nara has the fine Toshodai-ji and Todai-ji, with its Great Buddha. Also in the Kansai region are Kobo Daishi's mountaintop Koya-san, the wonderful Horyu-ji, and Byodo-in in Uji, which is one of the most famous buildings in Japan. Close to Tokyo, Kamakura offers some excellent female tramping, and Kotoku-in has the country's best known giant Buddha statue. Although the 88 temples in Kobo Daishi's circuit of Shikoku have no great individual significance, taken together they represent the most important pilgrimage route in Japan.⁶⁴

Many Japanese regarded the surrender to the West as a national humiliation, and the bakufu's authority declined rapidly. There were growing demands for the expulsion of the foreigners and for the restoration of political power to the emperor. These demands were supported by the court and two powerful daimyo domains in western Japan - Satsuma (in southern Kyushu) and Choshu (in extreme western Honshu). In 1868 the Tokugawa shogun was forced to abdicate. A new government was established under the young emperor Mutsuhito, who took the reign name of Meiji ("enlightened government"). This transfer of power from the Tokugawa shogunate to the Meiji emperor is known as the Meiji Restoration. It is regarded as the beginning of Japan's modern era.

Leaders of the new government were former samurai of Satsuma and Choshu, such as Toshimichi Okubo, Koin Kido, and Takamori Saigo. They wished to end the "unequal treaties" and to catch up militarily with the Western nations. Their first task, however, was to create internal order. A centralized administration replaced the daimyo system; many class distinctions were abolished; and a conscript army was built up, replacing the samurai, or warrior class. In 1868 Edo was renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital," and designated the new imperial capital.⁶⁵

11

Junichiro Koizumi

Junichiro Koizumi (born January 8, 1942) is a Japanese politician and the current Prime Minister. He was born in Yokosuka City, Kanagawa prefecture to Junya Koizumi, a director general of the Defense Agency and a second-generation Diet member, and was educated at Yokosuka High School and Keio University, where he studied economics. He was briefly at University College London before returning to Japan in December 1969 on the death of his father.

After a failed attempt to get elected he did become a member of the Lower House for the 11th Kanagawa Prefecture in December 1972. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and joined the Fukuda faction, he has been re-elected ten times. He became in 1992 Minister of Posts and Telecommunnications under the government of Miyazawa Kiichi. He was three times Minister of Health and welfare under the government of Takeshita Noboru, Uno Sosuke and Hashimoto Ryutaro.

He competed for the presidency of the LDP in September 1995 and July 1999, but he gained little support losing decisively to Ryutaro Hashimoto and then Keizo Obuchi. In April 2000 Obuchi was replaced by Mori Yoshiro after falling seriously ill. Koizumi became leader of his party on his third attempt on April 24, 2001. He had 298 votes, while his closest rival, Ryutaro Hashimoto gained 155 votes, Koizumi's victory was due to local chapters being allowed to vote as well as Diet members. He was made Prime Minister on April 26, 2001.

12

List of Koizumi Cabinet members

Minister for Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications - Taro Aso; Minister of Justice - Daizo Nozawa; Minister of Foreign Affairs - Yoriko Kawaguchi; Minister of Finance - Sadakazu Tanigaki; Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology - Takeo Kawamura; Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare - Chikara Sakaguchi; Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries - Yoshiyuki Kamei; Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry - Shoichi Nakagawa; Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport - Nobuteru Ishihara; Minister of the Environment - Yuriko Koike; Chief Cabinet Secretary, Minister of State for Gender Equality - Hiroyuki Hosoda; Chairman of the National Public Safety Commission, Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Measures for Declining Birthrate, Minister of State for Food Safety - Kiyoko Ono; Minister of State for Defense - Shigeru Ishiba; Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs, Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy, Minister of State for Personal Information Protection, In charge of Information Technology - Toshimitsu Motegi; Minister of State for Financial Services, Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy - Heizo Takenaka; Minister of State for Regulatory Reform, Minister of State for Industrial, Revitalization Corporation of Japan, Minister of State for Administrative Reform, Minister of State for Special Zones for Structural Reform, Minister of State for Regional Revitalization - Kazuyoshi Kaneko; Minister of State for Disaster Management, Minister of State for National, Emergency Legislation - Kiichi Inoue. ⁶⁶

The 1947 Imperial Household Law defines the imperial household as: the empress (kōgō), the empress dowager (kotaigo), the grand empress dowager (go-kotaigo), the crown prince (kotaishi) and his consort, the imperial grandson who is heir apparent (kotaison) and his consort, the shinnō and their consorts, the naishinnō, the ō and their consorts, and the nyoō. The legitimate children and male line grandchildren of an emperor are shinnō (imperial princes) in the case of males and naishinnō (imperial princesses) in the case of females. More distant male line descendants are ō (princes) or nyoō (princesses).

After the removal of eleven families from the imperial household in October 1947, the official membership of the imperial family has effectively been limited to the male line descendants of the Taisho.

His Majesty the Emperor (Akihito, born December 23, 1933) is the current and 125th Emperor of Japan. Akihito is the eldest son and the fifth child of the Emperor Showa (Hirohito) and the Empress Kojun (Nagako). Titled Tsugo no miya (Prince Tsugo) as a child, he was raised and educated by private tutors and then attended the Boy's Elementary and Secondary Departments of the then-Peers' School (Gakushuin after 1947), 1940-52. He was separated from his parents at the age of three.

He was married on 10 April 1959 to Her Majesty the Empress (Her Imperial Majesty Empress Michiko of Japan, (born October 24, 1934) formerly Michiko Shoda and later the Crown Princess of Japan (April 10, 1959 to January 7, 1989). She was the first commoner to marry into the Japanese imperial family. As crown princess and later as empress, she has become the most visible and widely travelled imperial consort in Japanese history.

Traditional East Asians generally think it discourteous to call a person of noble rank by given name. This convention is almost dead, but still observed for the imperial family. In fact the Emperor is never to be referred to by name (imina) unless he is dead. Instead, past emperors are called by posthumous names such as Jimmu, Kammu and Meiji. Since the Meiji era, era names are also used as posthumous names. The current emperor on the throne is almost always referred to as Tennō Heika (lit. His Majesty the Emperor) or solemnly as Kinjō Tennō. On the other hand, in ordinary conversations he is referred to simply as Heika, Okami or To-gin san (To-gin is a frank expression of Kinjo). Summarised on the above, the current Emperor is not called by the current era name: the era would become his posthumous name. But today this custom tends to be loose, as the below. In English, the recent emperors are called by their personal names according to Western convention. As explained above, in Japanese it sounds offensive and in some contexts blasphemous. For example, the 124th emperor is called Hirohito in English, but is always referred to as Shōwa Tennō in Japanese. Akihito is currently referred to as Tenno Heika, in Japanese as he is the reigning emperor, even though his era is called Heisei.

The previous three Emperors are officially called by their era name in Japan:

Mutsuhito (Meiji emperor) (1852-1912, r. 1867-1912);

Yoshihito (Taisho emperor) (1879-1926, r. 1912-1926);

Hirohito (Showa emperor) (1901-1989, r. 1926-1989).⁶⁸

15

JACL to celebrate 75th anniversary with banquet

To celebrate its 75th anniversary, 1,000 delegates of Japanese American Citizen League, here for a convention, are hosting a banquet with Norman Y. Mineta, U.S. Secretary of Transportation, as the keynote speaker.

Mineta will engage in a talk on "Japanese Americans and Their Role in U.S. Japan Relations" with Ryozo Kato, Japan ambassador to the United States. The two will weigh the advantages, disadvantages and tensions of the Japanese-American community's involvement in relations with Japan.

The second part of the workshop will include former Lt. Gov. Mazie Hirono, Glen Fukushima of Cadence Design Systems and JACL president Floyd Mori. Members of the audience will have an opportunity to ask questions of the panel during the third and final part of the workshop.

"We are very honored that Secretary Mineta will be joining us for the Sayonara Banquet as well as for the workshop," Mori said. "His leadership, years of public service and commitment to the Asian Pacific American community make him the perfect keynote speaker for our 75th anniversary."

"All panelists are major players in the U.S.-Japan relations, bringing years of experience and quite diverse perspectives to the program," said Karen Nakasone, Hawaii chapter president.

The Japanese American Citizens League Sayonara Banquet is on Saturday, August 14, from 5:30 to 10 p.m. at the Hawaii Convention Center grand ballroom.⁶⁹