Line and staff positions (линейньіе и управленческие должности)

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• VII. Match the word combinations on the left with their corre­ sponding equivalents on the right
• VIII. Fill in prepositions where necessary
• IX. Complete the following sentences with the words and expres­sions from the box, using them in the appropriate form. Some words may be used more than once
• X. Make up questions to which the following statements will be the answers
• XI. Answer the questions. Begin your answers with
• XII. Agree or disagree with the statements. Give your reasons. The following phrases may be helpful
• XIII. Ask questions to elicit the information
• XIV. Translate into English
• Read , translate and

A

В	C
Word	Synonym	Antonym
dairy	milk products	vegetable products
succulent	juicy	dried
variety	different things of the same kind	something constant
processing	handle or prepare by a special method; manufacture	non-processing
critical	crucial, key	unimportant
settle	colonize	desert
pioneer	explorer	follower
competition	rivalry	cooperation
sophisticated	the latest	out-of-date
headquarters	the main office	branch
fleet	number of vehicles under the same ownership	farage
catches	takes	loss

VII. Match the word combinations on the left with their corre­
sponding equivalents on the right:

1. 
   agronomy a) man-made
   
2. 
   to improve b) make or become better
   
3. 
   artificial c) application of biology to industry or com-
   

merce

4. 
   biotechnology d) to regulate
   
5. 
   waste e) to dispute
   
6. 
   control f) produce new or improved strains (of domes-
   

tic animals and plants)

7. 
   to argue g) to put up with
   
8. 
   awareness h) anything of no further
   
9. 
   breeding i) to have a specific position
   

10. 
    to rank j) having knowledge; being informed
    
11. 
    to tolerate k) science of soil management and crop pro-
    

duction
VIII. Fill in prepositions where necessary:

Washington State's food processing sector is the second largest manufacturing industry, employing over 40,000 workers. Food proc­essing accounts ... more than 11 percent ... the total value ... manu­facturing production ... Washington State, with over $8 billion in an­nual revenues. It is a national leader ... fruit products, including fruit juices and concentrates, frozen vegetables, potato products and sea­food products. World-class wines, craft beers and gourmet coffee, as well as a variety ... high-quality specialty foods, are among the many Washington state goods available.

Historically, Washington's reliable supply ... inexpensive electric­ity generated by dams on the Snake and Columbia Rivers have con­tributed ... the processed food sector's steady growth, especially ... the frozen food industry.

Fruit and vegetable processing account ... over a third ... both the dollar value added and the total employment in this sector. Washing­ton State regularly leads the United States ... the percentage ... fruit and vegetable crops processed into value-added foodstuffs such ... frozen vegetables, purees and concentrates.

Washington ranks fifth ... wheat production in the nation. Average yields here are 61 bushels ... acre, significantly higher than the na­tional average. Washington's large food processing industry is due ... innovative companies such ... Pasta USA, the only manufacturer ...

instant pasta ... the US, as well as established industry leaders, such ... Continental Mills, a manufacturer ... bakery mixes, and Lamb-Weston, one ... the largest US potato processors.

IX. Complete the following sentences with the words and expres­sions from the box, using them in the appropriate form. Some words may be used more than once:

Specific; gourmet; a leader; organic; a world-class; beverage; domestic; premium; latitude; owned; milk; consumer demands; ice; regions; cool; ultra-premium; fastest-growing; quality

1. Washington ranks first in the nation for production per

cow — 23,000 pounds in 2000, well above the national average.

2. 
   Value-added dairy products, such as butter, cheese, powdered milk and ice-cream, are made from 80% of the total milk production.
   
3. 
   The state is home to West Farm Foods, by the nation's
   

fourth-largest diary cooperative and owner of the Darigold brand.

4. Located at approximately the same as the great wine

of France, with warm long days and crisp nights,

Washington is noted for its wines.

5. With over 29,000 acres of viniferous grapes in production,

Washington's state's output of premium and wines serves a

discerning and the segment in the market.

6. 
   Wine exports have increased dramatically in the last two dec­ades and now challenge European wines in their ... markets.
   
7. 
   Washington's micro-brew beer production is another growing segment of the industry.
   
8. 
   Washington's standing as the nation's top apple, pear, sweet
   

cherry and Concord grape producer make a juice industry a

natural.

9. Washington is also a leading producer of food. At the re­
quest of the organic industry, Washington was the first state to estab­
lish standards for organic products and has been a in develop­
ing the National Organic Standards.

10. A growing number of Washington's companies provide

and ethnic foods to worldwide markets.

11. These products, ranging from all-natural pastas to soft salmon

jerky to loganberry liquor-filled chocolates, use high or natural

ingredients readily available from Washington growers.

12. The State's food processors, responding to world wide,

are tailoring products to fit markets.

X. Make up questions to which the following statements will be the answers:

Q

A. About two dozen lawyers and activists planned how to wage a

legal war against obesity with the law-suit as their most potent

weapon.

Q

A. After tobacco, it is clear that food is the next target of litigation.

Q

A. The thrust of the argument is likely to be that some food makers

do not label their products clearly so consumers are not aware of

the calorific value.

Q

A. It is also claimed that he marketing of wealthy food is aimed at

children.

A. Kraft, the biggest food manufacturer in the United States, has just announced that it will limit the size of its portions of cheese and other products, and put much more nutritional information on packets of its wide range of foods, like the famed Oreo cookies.

Q

A. The United States Surgeon-General, the highest medical official

in the land, reckons that obesity among adolescents has tripled in

the past 20 years.

Q

A. But the battle in the courts will be over whether food makers are

responsible for that rise in fatness or whether food eaters should

take responsibility on themselves.

Q

A. The food industry argues that people know that burgers and bis­cuits are not low-calorie health foods and that it is for the con­sumer to show some sense.

Q

A. Companies may be vulnerable, though, if they don't clearly in­dicate the ingredients of products. That way nobody can claim that they did not know that, let us say, cheese or biscuits were high calorie.

XI. Answer the questions. Begin your answers with:

I think(believe) ... Actually ... To tell the truth ... As a rule ... As a matter of fact... As far as I know ...

1. 
   Why, do you think, agronomy is very different from what it was half a century ago?
   
2. 
   What do you know about the Green Revolution?
   
3. 
   Why, do you think, population growth have raised a lot of ques­tions among agronomists?
   
4. 
   What is the primary objective of agriculture sciences?
   
5. 
   Explain what do we understand by «biosafety» problems?
   
6. 
   What helped to increase greatly yields per acre?
   
7. 
   What do we understand by «community supported» agriculture?
   
8. 
   What is «food safety»?
   
9. 
   What is «food security»?
   

10. 
    What is «food quality»?
    
11. 
    What is «aquaculture»?
    
12. 
    What is «apiculture»?
    

XII. Agree or disagree with the statements. Give your reasons. The following phrases may be helpful:

(Not) quite so ...	On the contrary ...
As I see it...	I can't agree with you ...
I fully agree with you ...	In my opinion ...
I don't think so...	In addition ...
That depends ....

1. 
   The eating habits we develop in the first few months of life can shape our tastes for life.
   
2. 
   Babies' feeding experiences may contribute to food likes and dislikes.
   

1. 
   Starting good eating habits early in life are essential.
   

3. 
   Coca-Cola and Pepsi are launching high-sugar orange juice products.
   
4. 
   From the nation's earliest days, farming has held a crucial place in the American economy and culture.
   
5. 
   The American farmer has not always been quite successful at producing food.
   

7. 
   The agricultural sector has suffered periodic bouts of overpro­duction that have increased prices.
   
8. 
   American farmers owe their ability to produce large yields to extremely favorable natural conditions.
   
9. 
   The American Midwest has some of the richest soil in the world.
   

10. 
    Large capital investments and increasing use of highly trained labor have not contributed to the success of American agriculture.
    
11. 
    Biotechnology has led to the development of seeds that are dis­ease- and drought-resistant.
    
12. 
    Computers track farm operations and even space technology is utilized to find the best places to plant and fertilize crops.
    
13. 
    What's more, researchers periodically introduce new food prod­ucts and new methods for raising them, such as artificial ponds to raise fish.
    
14. 
    Farmers have not repealed some of the fundamental laws of na­ture, however, they still have to contend with forces beyond their control — the weather.
    

XIII. Ask questions to elicit the information:

1. 
   The growing interdependence of world markets prompted world leaders to attempt a more systematic approach to regulating agricul­tural trade among nations.
   
2. 
   Almost every agriculture-producing country provides some form of government support for farmers.
   
3. 
   In the late 1970-s and early 1980-s, as world agricultural market conditions became increasingly variable, most nations with sizeable farm sectors instituted programs or strengthened existing ones to shield their own farm sectors from what was often regarded as foreign disruption.
   
4. 
   These policies helped to shrink international markets for agri­cultural commodities, reduce international commodity prices, and in­crease surpluses of agricultural commodities in exporting countries.
   
5. 
   In a narrower sense, it is understandable why a country might try to solve an agricultural overproduction problem by seeking to ex­port its surpluses freely while restricting imports.
   
6. 
   In practice, however, such a strategy is not possible; other countries are understandably reluctant to allow imports from countries that do not open their markets in turn.
   
7. 
   By the mid-1980-s, governments began working to reduce sub­sidies and allow freer trade for farm goods.
   

8. 
   The USA asked more than 90 countries, members of the world's foremost international trade agreements, known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), to negotiate the gradual elimination of all farm subsidies and other policies that distort farm prices, production and trade.
   
9. 
   The USA especially wanted a commitment for eventual elimi­nation of European farm subsidies and the end of Japanese bans on rice imports.
   

10. 
    Farm trade disputes continues, however.
    
11. 
    From American's point of view, the European Community failed to follow through with its commitment to reduce agricultural subsidies.
    
12. 
    Meanwhile European countries raised barriers to American foods that were produced with artificial hormones or were genetically altered.
    
13. 
    The USA called again for deep cuts in agricultural subsidies and tariffs worldwide.
    
14. 
    Japan and European nations were likely to resist these pro­posals.
    

XIV. Translate into English:

А.: Сполучені Штати Америки володіють великими земель­ними ресурсами та сприятливою структурою земельного фонду.

В.: Так, несприятливі для сільського господарства землі є тіль­ки на Алясці та у високогірних та пустельних районах Кор-діл'єр.

А.: Також, температурні умови дозволяють вирощувати всі сільськогосподарські культури помірного та субтропічного поясів.

В.: А на півдні Флориди та Гавайях — тропічні культури.

А.: Агропромисловий комплекс грає важливу роль в економіці США. З чого він складається?

В.: Він включає галузі, які виробляють засоби виробництва для сільського господарства (1 сфера), само сільськогосподар­ське виробництво (2 сфера), та галузі переробної промисло­вості та її реалізація (3 сфера).

А.: Виробництво в АПК збільшилось до 70165 млрд. доларів, а скільки робочої сило зайнято в цій галузі?

В.: У АПК працює десь близько 21,0 млн. чоловік.

А.: Чим характеризується сільське господарство США?

В.: Високий рівень інтенсифікації праці, гостра міжгалузева конкуренція, висока капіталомісткість та його масштаби за­безпечують високий рівень сільськогосподарського вироб­ництва.

А.: З перших років існування країни лідери нації перетворюва­ли фермера на зразок для нації.

В.: Так, всі пам'ятають слова Томаса Джефферсона, третього президента США: «Ті, хто обробляють землю — найцінні­ший громадяни. Найенергійніші, найнезалежніші, вони са­мими щільними вузами пов'язані зі своєю країною та її ін­тересами.»

А.: То ж, можна сказати, що цінності фермерської Америки бу­ли сприйняті всім суспільством.

В.: Так, Американське сільське господарство відрізняється ба­гатством, неперевершеним ніде більше. Це сталося частково завдяки просторам країни, та її природі.

XV. Read, translate and learn the following dialogue. Dramatize it in class:

A.: American farmers entered the 21^st century with some of the same problems they encountered during the 20^th century.

B.: But what problem is the most important?

A.: It is overproduction. As has been true since the nation's found­ing, continuing improvements in farm machinery, better seeds, better fertilizers, and effective pest control have made farmers more and more successful in what they do.

B.: What is the average size of most American farms?

A.: Just as an industrial enterprise might seek to boost profits by be­coming bigger and more efficient, many American farms have got larger.

B.: What is American agriculture called nowadays?

A.: In fact, American agriculture increasingly has become «agri­business», a term created to reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises in the modern US economy.

B.: What does agribusiness include?

A.: It includes a variety of farm businesses and structures, from small one-family corporations to huge conglomerates or multi-national firms that own large tracts of land or that produce goods and materials used by farmers.

В.: І understand that the advent of agribusiness has meant fewer but much larger farms, hasn't it?

A.: Right you are. The number of farms decreased, but each farm averages 190 hectares in size.

B.: Is it easy to make entry into full-time farming?

A.: Quite the contrary. The high cost of capital investment — in land and equipment — makes entry into full-time farming ex­tremely difficult for most persons.

B.: Do the numbers demonstrate, that the American «family farm» — rooted firmly in the nation's history — faces powerful eco­nomic challenges?

A.: Americans continue to rhapsodize about the neat barns and cul­tivated fields of the traditional rural landscape, but they are not likely to pay the price for it — either in higher food prices or government subsidies to farmers — of preserving the family barn.

XVI. Discuss the following points using the data you have stud­
ied:

1. 
   Speak of agriculture of the country, about new developments, new trends and new perspectives.
   
2. 
   Compare American agriculture with Ukrainian agriculture.
   

XVII. Role play.

Hold a conference on «US Farming» highlighting the problems:

1. 
   The 21^st century opens new horizons for US agribusiness.
   
2. 
   New trends in the US farming.
   
3. 
   US food industry.
   

Present simple vs present continuous


В General activities vs current projects

1. 
   I work for 'Teletraining'. We make training videos.
   
2. 
   At the moment we're making a training video for British Telecom.
   

In 1, we are talking about a general activity.

In 2, we are talking about a specific current project.

С Permanent vs temporary situations

1 Peter deals with enquiries about our car fleet sales.

2 I am dealing with enquiries about fleet sales while Peter is away on holiday.

In 1, this is seen as permanently true. In 2, this is seen as a temporary situation.

E Stative verbs

There are a number of verbs which describe states rather than actions. They are not normally used in the continuous form. Common examples are:

Verbs of thinking: believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize,

suppose, understand Verbs of the senses: hear, smell, sound, taste

Verbs of possession: belong to, have (meaning possess), own, possess

Verbs of emotion: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
Verbs of appearance: appear, seem
Others: contain, depend on, include, involve, mean,

measure, weigh, require

These are usually found in the simple form because they do not refer to actions:

I'm sorry, I don't understand what you mean.


Practice

Exercise 1 Routine vs moment of speaking

Decide if the speaker is talking about routine activities or activities going on at the moment of speaking. Put the verbs into the present simple or the present continuous.

A: How ⁽¹⁾ do you usually organize (you/usually organize) the delivery of
milk to the factory?⁽²⁾ (the farmers/bring) it here themselves?

B: No,⁽³⁾ (we/always collect) the milk ourselves, and the tankers

⁽⁴⁾ (deliver) it to the pasteurization plant twice a day.

A: What sort of safety procedures ⁽⁵⁾ (you/have)?

B: As a rule we ^,6) (test) samples of every consignment, and then (pass) down insulated pipes to the bottling plant,

the milk⁽⁷⁾ which ⁽⁸⁾ (operate) 24 hours a day. I'll show you round a bit later, but the production line ⁽⁹⁾ (not work) at the moment because the employees' (change) shifts

Exercise 2

General activities vs

current projects

Decide whether the verbs refer to general activities or current projects. Put the verbs into the present simple or present continuous.

Our company was founded fifteen years ago, and we ⁽¹⁾ manufacture

(manufacture) and ⁽²⁾ (supply) clothing to large organizations such

as the police, hospitals, and so on. We always ⁽³⁾ (spend) a long

time talking to the customers to find out their needs. At the moment w ⁽⁴⁾ (produce) an order for 18,000 shirts for the police. The next

order is for a local electronics factory, and our head designer ⁽⁵⁾

(have) discussions with them to find out what sort of clothes they ⁽⁶⁾ (require).

Exercise 3

Permanent vs temporary

situations

In the following exercise, decide whether these situations are permanent or temporary. Put the verbs into the present simple or present continuous.

1. 
   He joined the company 25 years ago and he still works (work) for us.
   
2. 
   We (not/send) out any orders this week because we're waiting
   

for the new lists.

3. 
   I (deal) with Mr Jarman's clients this week because he's away.
   
4. 
   Go down this road, turn right, and the road (lead) straight to
   

the industrial estate.

5. 
   Because of the high cost of sterling, exports (not/do) very well.
   
6. 
   The stock market can be risky because the price of shares (vary)
   

according to economic conditions.

7 She would be excellent as a European sales rep because she

(speak) French fluently.

8 I'm Heinrich Brandt, I'm German, and I (come) from a small

town near Munich.

9 We (spend) a great deal on phone calls due to a postal strike.

Practice

Exercise 4 A In the following passage, decide whether the verbs refer to general

Facts vs slow changes statements about change, or changes that are currently taking place. Put the

verbs into the present simple or present continuous.

Political parties cannot last for ever. Normally they⁽¹⁾ enjoy (enjoy) a period I

of great popularity in their early years; then they ⁽²⁾ (go) through a

period of stability and ⁽³⁾ (put) their ideas into practice. After that,

they ⁽⁴⁾ (run) out of ideas, and the opposition ⁽⁵⁾ (take)

power. Now the present government⁽⁶⁾ (become) old and tired. It

⁽⁷⁾ (make) mistakes and it⁽⁸⁾ (lose) popularity, and the

opposition party⁽⁹⁾ (start) to look like a possible alternative.

В Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the box, using the present simple or present continuous. .

fall grow begin go demand make

In many ways, the economic outlook is good. Unemployment⁽¹⁾ is falling

and is now down to 8% from 14%. The economy⁽²⁾ at a rate of

2.5%. However, the real danger is that inflation ⁽³⁾ to rise. This is

dangerous because every time that inflation ⁽⁴⁾ up, people always

⁽⁵⁾ higher wages, and this in turn ⁽⁶⁾ the problem worse.

Exercise 5 In each of the following sentences, put one of the verbs into the present

Stative verbs simple and the other into the present continuous.

1 We are interviewing (interview) people from outside the company for the

new post in the export department, but I think (think) we ought to give
the job to Mr Jackson.

2 At the moment we (carry) out a survey to find out what sort of

after-sales service our customers (want).

3 We've got a competition on at work to do with our new range of

cosmetics. The marketing people (try) to find a brand name

that (sound) natural and sophisticated.

4 (you/know) what Mrs Ericson (do)? She's not in her

office and nobody has seen her since lunch.

5 Could you help me? I (try) to translate this letter from a

Spanish client and I don't know what this word (mean).

6 I (apply) for a transfer to our London office, but I don't know if

I'll be successful. It all (depend) on whether or not they have

any vacancies.

7 Their new 'Own brand' instant coffee (taste) very good, so it's

not surprising that it (become) more and more popular.

Production

Task 1 Make up sentences using the following prompts. The first verb should be in

the present simple, and the second verb in the present continuous.

1 come from/but/live

I come from Austria, but at the moment I'm living in Switzerland.

2 speak/and/learn

3 normally/like my work/but/not enjoy

4 go on a lot of training courses/and/do a course in CAD

5 work from 9 to 5/but/stay late

6 travel a lot/and/visit Australia

7 have several subsidiaries in Europe/and/set up another one in Brussels

8 normally/export a lot to Greece/but/not get many orders

Task 2 Make questions to go with the answers. Use either the present simple or

present continuous.

1 Where do you come from?

I come from a little town called Zug, near Zurich.

2

I'm writing to Markson's to ask for an up-to-date catalogue.

3

I think he's a consultant. 4

I usually cycle in, but sometimes I bring the car.

5

Our Sales Director goes abroad about three or four times a year.

6

No, not at all well. In fact, the factory is doing a three-day week.

7

Yes, very well. We met in 1980.

No, not at the moment. But we'll start taking on new staff again in May.

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