Line and staff positions (линейньіе и управленческие должности)

Robert Frost

to attain = accomplish, achieve, get, reach, gain, arrive at, acquire,

obtain, procure, secure demand = ability and willingness to buy specific quantities of a good

at alternative prices in a given time period; request, appeal,

inquiry, asking, bid, plea; order, necessity, requirement, need legitimate = lawful, legal, official, sanctioned, rightful, justifiable, licit;

reasonable, sensible, valid, common-sense, proper, correct perspective - viewpoint, standpoint, outlook, position, stand, attitude;

panorama, vista, landscape, scene, range, span supply = stock, quantity, inventory, reserve, accumulation, store, fund,

hoard, riches, wealth sufficient = adequate, plenty, ample, enough

EXERCISE № 1 Vocabulary Training.

For the student: Read the English word-combinations and their Ukrainian variants: find proper translation for those with the question marks. Make up your own sentences (or situations) using these word-combinations. For the teacher: Oral or written; group or individual.

to trigger rain = викликати дощ

to trigger of war - розв'язати війну

to trigger off a political storm = викликати політичні

заворушення

a spark trigged the explosion = іскра викликала вибух

letters to the editor trigger the press = листи в газету

примушують її діяти

changes in taxes or government spending shift the

aggregate spending curve, triggering more or

less production = ?????

it can't be emphasized enough that...= необхідно

ще й ще раз підкреслити, що

1 need hardly emphasize the point = навряд чи

c необхідність підкреслити цю думку

gesticulation emphasizes speech = жести

роблять промову більш виразною

rich assortment of goods = багатий вибір товарів

assortment of tools = набір інструментів

they emphasize that an assortment of government

policies affects the willingness of business firms

to produce goods and services = ?????

the climate has affected his health = цей клімат

вплинув на його здоров'я

news affected him greatly = ця новина на

нього сильно подіяла

to affect smb's eyes = подіяти комусь на очі

to affect loud neckties = любити яскраві краватки

drops of every fluid affect a round figure = краплі

будь-якої рідини приймають округлу форму

rice affects most land = рису потрібна волога земля

government affects the willingness of individuals

to participate in the production process = ?????

1 have sufficient = з мене досить

have you had sufficient = Чи ви наїлися?

in sufficient time in advance = завчасно

sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof = для кожного

дня достатньо свого клопоту

sufficient reason (філософ.) = причина, за якою

все існуюче є таким, яким воно є, а не іншим

to attain aims = досягнути мети

he attained opposite shore = він дістався

протилежного берега

he attained to power = він добився влади

to attain to man's estate = досягнути мужності

demand-side policies are not sufficient to attain

our macro goals = ?????

crowd was met by an array of policemen = назустріч натовпу вирушив наряд озброєних полісменів array of wedding gifts = груда весільних подарунків

array of problems = маса проблем

beautiful array of dress materials = прекрасний вибір

платтяних тканин

adjustable array = масив зі змінними межами

holiday array - святковий одяг

bridal array - вінчальне вбрання

supply-side perspective covers a much broader

array of policy options = ?????

to reject an offer = відхилити пропозицію

to reject a suitor = відмовити нареченому

to reject the authenticity of a fact - заперечувати

вірогідність факту

to reject a doctrine = відкидати певні вчення

to reject a product = забракувати виріб

he was rejected for medical grounds = його

забракували через медичні показники

to reject heart transplant = відторгнути

пересаджене серце

some Supply-siders reject some or all of

these policy options = ?????

TEXT

Supply-siders have a very different view of the world. They start on the supply side of markets, rather than on the demand side. They emphasize that an assortment of government policies directly affects the ability and willingness of business firms to produce goods and services. Government policies also affect the ability and willingness of individuals to participate in the production process. In other words, the aggregate supply curve can also be shifted. Demand-side policies are neither necessary nor sufficient to attain our macro goals.

The so-called "supply-side tax cuts" of 1981-83 are the most familiar supply-side initiative. The supply-side perspective has a much longer history and covers a much broader array of policy options. Many of these options are designed to

reduce structural barriers to increased output and employment. These structural barriers include deregulation, education and training, and reduction of discriminatory barriers. Also legitimately part of the supply-side perspective are controls that limit the ability of workers and firms to increase wages and prices. Some Supply-siders reject some or all of these policy options. Nevertheless, the common element in all supply-side policy options is the attempt to alter supply behaviour independently of changes in demand.

EXERCISE № 2

Discussion.

For the student: Divide the text into some sense-fragments, entitle each one in

question-form, and present your partner with a chance of answering them. The

questions are desirable to be offered in some variants.

For the teacher: Group or pair discussion.

EXERCISE № 3

Variant 1 = The focus of supply-side policy is ||to provide incentives to work,|| invest, and produce. Variant 2 = The focus

of supply-side policy

is

to provide incentives to work,

and produce.

Supply-siders argue that marginal tax rates and government regulation must be reduced in order to get more output without added inflation. Because tax rates are the basic tool of supply-side policy, fiscal and supply-side policies are often intertwined.

EXERCISE № 4

Конфлікт інтересів

(продовження)

Слід сказати, що конфлікт інтересів може виникнути на будь-якому етапі, а саме: до або після призначення чи обрання посадової особи, до або після обговорення справи (угоди, проекту); після ухвалення відповідного рішення у справі (за угодою, проектом). Ключовим моментом є те, що посадова особа, у якої виникла підвищена зацікавленість у справі, повинна повідомити про це відповідний орган управління. При цьому не можна повідомляти якусь окрему посадову особу, наприклад секретаря чи голову органу управління. Необхідно, щоб повідомлення було зроблено офіційно та відкрито на першому ж засіданні після виникнення конфлікту інтересів. Повідомлення зробити письмово або усно, але із занесенням відповідної інформації до протоколу засідання органу управління. Іноді особа може мати сумніви щодо того, чи існує конфлікт інтересів. Подібні випадки є дуже розповсюдженими. У такому разі посадовій особі рекомендується повідомити спостережну раду й отримати відповідне рішення. Розкриття інформації щодо конфлікту інтересів тісно пов'язане з етапом повідомлення - здійснюється на засіданні відповідного органу управління. Особа, яка має зацікавленість, повинна надати повну та вичерпну інформацію іншим посадовим особам і пояснити, у чому саме полягає конфлікт інтересів, і відповісти на всі запитання. Не можна виключати випадків, коли посадова особа буде змушена розкрити інформацію приватного, тобто конфіденційного, характеру про себе чи своїх близьких. Враховуючи це, орган управління акціонерного товариства повинен вжити всіх необхідних заходів щодо збереження такої інформації.

EXERCISE № 5

Discussion.

For the student: Read the text and give some examples of "slogans "from the

Ukrainian ads.

For the teacher Oral.

Advertising is an important element of the marketing function. It is used to increase sales by making the product or service known to a wider audience, and by emphasizing its superior qualities. A company can advertise in many ways, depending on how much it intends to spend, and the size and type of the target audience. Different media for advertising are -television, radio, newspapers, magazines and direct mail, by which advertisers send letters, brochures and leaflets directly to potential customers. Advertising is a highly developed business. In the UK. for example, approximately £5 billion is spent on advertising each year.

Many advertisements contain a slogan or short phrase to attract the consumer's attention. Effective slogans are usually short, easy to remember and easy to repeat. Here are several authentic slogans from advertisements. Denote the type of product each one is advertising:

• 
  Not everyone was meant to fly.
  
• 
  The colour of life.
  
• 
  Does not he deserve a dinner that looks as good as yours?
  

• 
  By the time you remember you left it on, it's off.
  
• 
  See and be seen with.
  
• 
  This year you should wear something loud.
  
• 
  Doesn't your family deserve less ?
  
• 
  Introducing seven easy ways to make a chicken fly.
  
• 
  The best things in life are still made by hand.
  
• 
  Never before has something so little done so much for so many.
  

We begin our analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations by examining the determinants of potential real output and ... .2. ... occurs, because the real wage does not quickly adjust to a new equilibrium when the demand or supply of labor changes. 3. A ... will be accompanied by declining prices and nominal wages, but the economy will eventually tend toward full employment and the production of potential real output. 4. If these productive ... are fully and efficiently employed, there is a ... amount that the economy can produce. 5. A recession will be accompanied by ... prices and nominal wages. 6. ... is the purchasing power of the wage payment, which is in turn the amount of money paid to workers per hour, week, or month of work. 7. ... is determined by the natural resources available to an economy, the technologies that it has developed or acquired, the amount of capital that it has accumulated, and the amount of labor it has available.

Perfect Tenses).

There are many superstars that take part in advertisements. Mr Stallone is only one of many movie su-tah, as the Japanese call stars, showing up in advertisements these days. With companies paying top dollar and promising to run the ads only within the confines of this insular nation, Hollywood stars are eagerly appearing in commercials that they wouldn't be caught dead doing in the United States. In the USA, getting into commercials is often a sign a career is on

PART I

BRITISH ECONOMY EVOLUTION

Economy means a system for the management, use and control of the money, goods and other resources of a country, community or household. As in all European countries, the economic system in Britain is a mixture of private and public enterprise. Private enterprise accounts for three-quarters of gross domestic product and over two-thirds of total employment. The rate of inflation fell sharply in the 1990s. It rose again after early 1998, and then fell to 9.3 per cent at an annual rate by December 2003. Services account for 60 per cent of gross domestic product and manufacturing for 25 per cent. Shedding surplus labour and renewed growth led to gains in productivity and output per head rose by 23 per cent in the economy as a whole, and by 57 per cent in manufacturing alone.

In December 1999 Britain's total workforce in employment was a record 27 million. It had increased by 3.5 million since March 1993. Nowadays of people working for an employer, 69 per cent are in manufacturing, 4.7 per cent in construction and 3.4 per cent in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fishing, energy and water sup­ply). Self-employment (11.3 per cent of the workforce) increased to 3.3 million, a rise of 70 per cent since 1989.

Exactly how much of the country's economy is controlled by the state has fluctuated a great deal in the last fifty years and has been the subject of continual political debate. The general trend for the state is control. Various industries became national-ized, especially those concerned with the production and distribution of energy. So too did the various forms of transport and communicate

There used to be a lot of public corporations in the United King­dom. They included British Coal, British Steel, the Post Office, Brit­ish Telecom, the British Airports Authorities, British Rail and some others. They were nationalized mostly by Labour governments for political reasons, reflecting a desire to control and plan the economy in detail and a belief in public ownership as an ideal.

Some corporations became public to be rescued from bankruptcy. Thus the government saved thousands of jobs in those firms, so the taxpayer was saved from paying out large sums to unemployed peo­ple. A special mention should be made of British Rail. Railway tracks make a natural monopoly of the state. At the same time different companies are allowed to operate competing services on the same tracks. Thus there is a natural monopoly in track ownership but not in operating trains.

Then the trend started going in the other direction. A major part of the philosophy of the Conservative government was to let 'market forces' rule and to turn state-owned companies into companies owned by individuals. This approach was a major part of the thinking of Thatcherism. A large number of companies were privatized. That is, they were sold off by the government. But some others are still pub­licly owned. Today there are more shareholders in the country than there are members of unions. In addition, local government authorities are encouraged to 'contract out' their responsibility for services to commercial organizations.

The privatization of services, which Western people now regard as essential necessitated the creation of various public 'watchdog' or­ganizations with regulatory powers over the industries, which they monitor.

As in other industrialized countries, unemployment is a major problem. The number of people out of work, according to the recent report by the Department of Employment in the UK is 3.062m. And it is still rising.

The academic study by David Dickinson, a Cambridge economist, shows that the south of England is suffering more than the north: manufacturing more than services, men more than women, blacks and browns more than whites, the young more than the middle aged. The Government claims that there is no direct link between rising crime and high level of unemployment. But the study shows a close associa­tion between jobless and the number of the young offenders. The study declares: «If we let mass unemployment continue, if we let young men stay jobless long we shall have rising crime now and cre­ate criminals for the future».

association

the state of completely lacking a particular quality or of having completely lost it

the power to make all the important decisions about the way that it is run

the system by which the country' s money and goods are the and used, or a country considerd in this way.

The money value (at market price) of the goods and services produced by the economy in a period of time, usually a year or a quarter.
monopoly the control of all or most of a business activity by a

single company or by a government, so that other or­ganizations cannot easily compete with them.

output the amount of goods or work produced by a person,

machine, factory, etc.

production the process of making or growing things to be sold as

products, or the amount that is produced.

privatize to sell an organization, industry, or service that was

previously controlled and owned by a government.

shareholder a person who owns one or more shares in a company or in a business.

///. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sen­tences with them.

crime; criminal; employer; employment; fishing; forestry; gain; gross domestic product; offender; per head; primary sector; produc­tivity; railway; rate of inflation; resources; shed; state-owned com­pany; surplus labour; claim; create; track; water supply; workforce.

IV. Find English equivalents of the words and word combina­
tions given below and make up sentences with them.

валовий національний продукт; вимагати; водопостачання; державна компанія; додаткова праця; зайнятість; залізниця; збі­льшення; злочинець; зменшувати; колія; лісництво; на душу на­селення; первинний сектор; правопорушник; продуктивність; ре­сурси; рибна ловля; рівень інфляції; роботодавець; робоча сила.

5. 
   Complete the following verbs or nouns by inserting 's' or 'z'. Note
   that some words must be spelled '-ise'. Make up sentences with them.
   

association; bankruptcy; claims; control; create; crime; criminals; economy; employer; employment; gains in productivity; gross domestic product (2); monopoly (2); offenders; output; per head; primary sector; production; resources; shareholders; shedding surplus labour; state-owned companies.

1. ... and renewed growth led to ... and rose by 23 per cent

in the ... as a whole, and by 57 per cent in manufacturing alone.

2. 
   A major part of the philosophy of the Conservative government was to let 'market forces' rule and to turn ... into companies owned by individuals.
   
3. 
   Economy means a system for the management, use and ... of the money, goods and other ... of a country, community or household.
   
4. 
   If we let mass unemployment continue, if we let young men stay jobless long we shall have rising ... now and for the future.
   
5. 
   Nowadays of people working for an ... , 69 per cent are in manufacturing, 4.7 per cent in construction and 3.4 per cent in the ... .
   
6. 
   Private enterprise accounts for three-quarters of ... and over two-thirds of total....
   
7. 
   Railway tracks make a natural... of the state.
   
8. 
   Services account for 60 per cent of... and manufacturing for 25 per cent.
   
9. 
   Some corporations became public to be rescued from ....
   

10. 
    The Government ... that there is no direct link between rising crime and high level of unemployment.
    
11. 
    The study shows a close ... between jobless and the number of the young ....
    

10. 
    There is a natural... in track ownership but not in operating trains.
    

10. 
    Today there are more ... in the country than there are members of unions.
    

agriculture, n. — farming, husbandry, cultivation, tillage, agron­omy, agronomics.

debate, n. — discussion, dispute, disputation, polemic, contro­versy, wrangle, altercation, contention, contest.

direct, v. — manage, control, run, govern, rule, regulate, adminis­ter, lead, superintend.

household, n. — family, menage, house, home.

responsibility, n. — duty, obligation, onus, burden, charge, care, trust.

surplus, n. — excess, surfeit, superabundance, plethora, residue, remainder, rest, balance.

1. 
   As ... all European countries, the economic system ... Britain is a mixture ... private and public enterprise.
   
2. 
   Economy means a system ... the management, use and control ... the money, goods and other resources ... a country, community or household.
   
3. 
   Exactly how much ... the country's economy is controlled ... the state has fluctuated a great deal... the last fifty years.
   
4. 
   Private enterprise accounts ... three-quarters ... gross domestic product and over two-thirds ... total employment.
   
5. 
   Services account ... 60 per cent ... gross domestic product and manufacturing ... 25 per cent.
   

1. 
   Some corporations became public to be rescued ... bankruptcy.
   

6. 
   The general trend ... the state is to have more and more control and various industries became nationalized, especially those con­cerned ... the production and distribution ... energy.
   
7. 
   The Government claims that there is no direct link ... rising crime and high level ... unemployment.
   
8. 
   The government saved thousands ... jobs ... those firms, so the taxpayer was saved ... paying ... large sums ... unemployed people.
   

11. 
    The privatization ... services necessitated the creation ... vari­ous public 'watchdog' organizations ... regulatory powers ... the in­dustries, which they monitor.
    
12. 
    The rate ... inflation fell sharply ... the 1990s and rose again ... early 1998.
    
13. 
    The study shows a close association ... jobless and the number ... the young offenders.
    
14. 
    There used to be a lot ... public corporations ... the United Kingdom, but they were nationalized mostly ... Labour governments ... political reasons, reflecting a desire to control and plan the econ­omy ... detail and a belief... public ownership as an ideal.
    

1. 
   ... academic study shows that ... south of ... England is suffer­ing more than ... north: ... manufacturing more than ... services, ... men more than ... women, ... blacks and ... browns more than ... whites, ... young more than ... middle aged.
   
2. 
   ... Britain's total workforce in ... employment was ... record ... 27 million.
   
3. 
   ... local government authorities are encouraged to 'contract out' their responsibility for ... services to ... commercial organizations.
   
4. 
   ... private enterprise accounts for ... three-quarters of ... gross domestic product and over ... two-thirds of... total employment.
   
5. 
   ... railway tracks make ... natural monopoly of... state.
   
6. 
   ... services account for ... 60 per cent of ... gross domestic product and manufacturing for ... 25 per cent.
   
7. 
   ... Shedding surplus labour and ... renewed growth have led to ... gains in ... productivity.
   
8. 
   ... special mention should be made of... British Rail.
   
9. 
   As in ... other industrialised countries, ... unemployment is ... major problem.
   

10. 
    As in all ... European countries, ... economic system in ... Brit­ain is ... mixture of... private and public enterprise.
    
11. 
    At ... same time ... different companies are allowed to operate ... competing services on ... same tracks.
    
12. 
    If we let ... mass unemployment continue, if we let ... young men stay jobless long we shall have ... rising crime now and create... criminals for ... future.
    
13. 
    Some corporations became public to be rescued from ... bank­ruptcy.
    

14. 
    There used to be .. lot of public corporations in ... United Kingdom, they included British Coal, ... British Steel, ... Post Office,... British Telecom,. British Airports Authorities,... British Rail and some others.
    

1. 
   A major part of the philosophy of the Conservative government of the 1980s was... .
   
2. 
   A special mention should be made of... .
   
3. 
   As in all European countries, the economic system in Britain is
   
4. 
   At the same time different companies are allowed to ....
   
5. 
   Economy means a system ....
   
6. 
   If we let young men stay jobless long we ... .
   
7. 
   Local government authorities are encouraged to ... .
   
8. 
   Some corporations became public ....
   
9. 
   The economic system in Britain is ... .
   

10. 
    The general trend for the state is ... .
    
11. 
    The Government claims that there is no ... .
    
12. 
    The governments saved thousands of... .
    
13. 
    The privatization of services necessitated ....
    
14. 
    The taxpayer was saved from ....
    
15. 
    There is a natural monopoly in track ownership but not....
    
16. 
    There used to be a lot of public corporations in ... .
    
17. 
    Various industries became nationalized, especially those ....
    

I should say it's only partly true ....

1. 
   Economy means a system for the management, use and control of the money, goods and other resources of a country, community or household.
   
2. 
   Private enterprise accounts for one-quarter of gross domestic product and over two-fifths of total employment.
   
3. 
   Services account for 40 per cent of gross domestic product and manufacturing for 35 per cent.
   
4. 
   Exactly how much of the country's economy is controlled by the state has fluctuated a great deal in the last fifty years and has been the subject of continual political debate.
   
5. 
   The general trend for the state is to have more and more con­trol.
   
6. 
   There used to be very few public corporations in the United Kingdom.
   
7. 
   They were nationalized mostly by Conservative governments for political reasons, reflecting a desire to control and plan the economy in detail and a belief in public ownership as an ideal.
   

9. Thus the governments saved thousands of jobs in those firms, so

10. 
    A major part of the philosophy of the Conservative government was to let 'market forces' rule and to turn state-owned companies into companies owned by individuals.
    
11. 
    Today there are more members of unions in the country than there are shareholders.
    
12. 
    As in other industrialized countries, unemployment is not a ma­jor problem in Britain.
    
13. 
    The Government claims that there is no direct link between ris­ing crime and high level of unemployment.
    

1. 
   As in all European countries, the economic system in Britain is a mixture of private and public enterprise.
   
2. 
   The rate of inflation fell sharply in the early 1990s. It rose again after early 1998, and then fell to 9.3 per cent at an annual rate by De-cember2003.
   
3. 
   Services account for 60 per cent of gross domestic product and manufacturing for 25 per cent.
   

4. 
   Various industries became nationalized; especially those con­cerned with the production and distribution of energy and so did the various forms of transport and communication services.
   
5. 
   There used to be such public corporations in the United King­dom as British Coal, British Steel, the Post Office, British Telecom, the British Airports Authorities, British Rail and some others.
   
6. 
   A special mention should be made of British Rail as railway tracks make a natural monopoly of the state.
   
7. 
   At the same time different companies are allowed to operate competing services on the same tracks.
   
8. 
   Thus there is a natural monopoly in track ownership but not in operating trains.
   
9. 
   A large number of companies were privatized, that is, they were sold off by the government.
   

10. 
    Local government authorities are encouraged to 'contract out' their responsibility for services to commercial organizations.
    
11. 
    The privatization of services, which Western people now re­gard as essential necessitated the creation of various public 'watch­dog' organizations with regulatory powers over the industries, which they monitor.
    
12. 
    The academic study by a Cambridge economist shows that the south of England is suffering more than the north: manufacturing more than services, men more than women, blacks and browns more than whites, the young more than the middle aged.
    
13. 
    The study shows a close association between jobless and the number of the young offenders.
    

1. 
   What is economy?
   
2. 
   What can you say about the economic system in Britain?
   
3. 
   What is gross domestic product?
   

4. 
   What do you know about the rate of inflation in Britain?
   
5. 
   What can be said about Britain's total workforce in employ­ment?
   
6. 
   How much of the country's economy is controlled by the state?
   
7. 
   What public corporations in the United Kingdom do you know?
   
8. 
   Why were they nationalized by Labour governments?
   
9. 
   What can you say about British Rail?
   

10. 
    What were the peculiarities of the philosophy of the Conserva­tive government?
    
11. 
    What do we mean when we say that a large number of compa­nies in Britain were privatized?
    
12. 
    What did the privatization of services necessitate?
    
13. 
    Why is unemployment in Britain a major problem as in other industrialized countries?
    
14. 
    Do you agree with the Government that there is no direct link between rising crime and high level of unemployment? Why?
    

1. 
   Економічна система в Британії — це поєднання приватного й державного підприємства.
   
2. 
   На приватні підприємства припадає три чверті валового на­ціонального продукту, на них працюють дві третини населення.
   
3. 
   У грудні 1999року число працюючих у Британії досягло ре-кордної цифри — 27 мільйонів.
   
4. 
   У даний час із числа людей, які працюють на підприємця, 69 відсотків зайняті у виробництві, 4.7 відсотків — у будівни­цтві і 3.4 відсотків — у сільському господарстві, лісівництві, рибальстві.
   
5. 
   Питання про контроль уряду над станом розвитку економі­ки є предметом нескінченних політичних дебатів.
   
6. 
   Загальна тенденція полягає в посиленні контролю держави над економікою.
   
7. 
   Різні галузі промисловості були націоналізовані, особливий інтерес складали галузі, пов'язані з виробництвом і розподілом енергії.
   
8. 
   Націоналізація зачепила різні види транспорту й засоби зв'язку.
   
9. 
   Численні британські корпорації були націоналізовані уря-дом, в основному, із політичних міркувань.
   

11. 
    Таким чином, уряд врятував тисячі робочих місць у тих фірмах —і, відповідно, платників податків — від необхідності сплачувати великі суми грошей безробітним людям.
    
12. 
    Основна філософія політики Уряду консерваторів полягала в тому, щоб дозволити керувати «ринковим силам» і перетворити державні компанії в приватні.
    
13. 
    Такий підхід був характерним для прихильників тетчери-зму, і основна частина компаній була приватизована.
    
14. 
    Сьогодні в країні більше акціонерів, ніж членів профспілок.
    
15. 
    Як і в інших промислово розвинутих країнах, безробіття є головною проблемою в Британії.
    
16. 
    Згідно з повідомленням Міністерства у справах зайнятості у Великій Британії, кількість безробітних складає 3.062 мільйони, і ця цифра збільшується.
    
17. 
    Як свідчить вивчення цього питання Девідом Дикінсоном, економістом із Кембриджу, серед безробітних переважають чо­ловіки, «кольорове» населення та молодь.
    
18. 
    Уряд стверджує, що немає жодного прямого зв'язку між зростанням злочинності та високим рівнем безробіття.
    

A. Were you present at the lecture on Britain's economy?

B. Yes, it was rather interesting and I learnt a lot of interesting in­
formation.

A. Did you? It's a pity that I was busy on that day and didn't join

B. Of course, I'd be delighted to. Britain's economy is based on

A. Do you remember them?

B. Surely, they are divided into primary industries providing raw
materials and food from the land and the sea (energy resources,
agriculture), manufacturing industries making finished goods
from raw materials (electronics, aerospace, chemical) and serv­
ice industries (banking, business, computing, tourism).

A. What are the main branches of Britain's service industries?

B. They are banking, business, computing, and tourism.
A. What are the main trends of Britain's economy?

В. If I'm not mistaken there are four of them: the decline in the heavy industry, the growth of the offshore oil and gas industry, the rapid development of the electronic industry, the continual rise in the service industries.

A. Where does Britain get oil and gas from?

B. It gets it from the North Sea.

A. What are the most prospective energy technologies in Britain?

B. They are wind, tidal and solar power.

A. What percentage of Britain's working population is engaged in
agriculture?

B. І am not sure but as far as I remember only 3% of Britain's

A. What part of the Gross National Product do the service industries

B. The service industries make up approximately 66% of the Gross

A. What are the main products exported by Britain?

B. Britain exports electronics and aerospace equipment, machinery,
chemicals.

A. What products are the biggest export earners?

B. It seems to me pharmaceuticals.

A. What measures does the government take to make the British

B. To make the British economy more efficient the government

A. Thank you for such detailed information. I see you didn't waste your time yesterday.

B. As in all European countries, the economic system in Britain is a mixture of private and public enterprises.

A. ...

B. From 1945 until 1980 the general trend was for the state to have

B. Various industries were nationalized, especially those connected with the production and distribution of energy.

A. ...

B. So were the various forms of transport and communication serv­

A. ...

A. ...

A. ...

A. ...

A. ...

A. ...

A. ...

A. ...