Методические указания по изучению английского языка для специальности 270205. 65 «автомобильные дороги и аэродромы»

A road junction, as the term is generally used, is the point at which one road meets another; an intersection is the point at which two or more roads cross each other. Both junctions and intersections are, of course, the worst danger spots in a road system.

The problems of reducing danger at these points are those of cost and space. If junctions and intersections are such that all classes of traffic meet each other at the same level, there is a danger of collision, not only between cars of the same class but between those of different classes. Almost complete segregation of different classes can be achieved, and the need for users of the same class to cross traffic streams, the most dangerous process of all, can be avoided.

The perfect example of complete segregation of different classes of traffic and of the avoidance of crossing traffic streams is the clover-leaf junction, at which no collision can occur between vehicles if the drivers of those leaving the junction can manage to avoid those already on the road which they are approaching—which is a difficult thing (Fig. 1).

a)

• 
  only a small percentage of the traffic must turn to left or right ;
  
• 
  the major volume of traffic is travelling on a fast through route;
  
• 
  the volume of traffic would otherwise be sufficient to justify the provision of a roundabout.
  

The success of a roundabout depends greatly upon the ease with which vehicles using it can "weave" or pass from one traffic lane to another. The greater the length of the road in which the weaving can be carried out and the small­er the angle of approach of converging streams of traffic, the more easily can weaving be performed. The angle should not be greater than 30 degrees. The greater the di­ameter of the island, the small­er the angle of convergence .

2. collision- столкновение транспорта

3. junction- дорожный узел

4. intersection-перекресток

5. segregation- разделение потоков движения

6. vehicle-транспортное средство

7. traffic- движение; транспорт

8. safeguards– меры безопасности

9. pedestrian- пешеход

10. lane- полоса движения

11. clover-leaf junction- пересечение в форме клеверного листа

12. roundabout-площадь кругового движения

13. percentage- процентное соотношение

14. congestion- затор

15. through route- сквозной проезд

16. to weave-перестраиваться в другой ряд движения

17. cyclist-велосипедист

18. speed - скорость

19. volume-объем, интенсивность

20. to reduce danger-уменьшить опасность

21. flyover,over-pass – эстакада, путепровод

22. converging streams - сходящиеся потоки ( встречные потоки)

23. under-pass- подземный ход; тоннель; подземный переход
1. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов:

1.	junction	a) столкновение транспорта
2.	intersection	b) перекресток
3.	segregation	c) поток
4.	collision	d) разделение потоков движения
5.	safeguards	e) дорожный узел
6.	congestion	f) скорость
7.	roundabout	g) полоса движения
8.	clover-leaf junction	h) площадь кругового движения
9.	cyclist	i) сквозной проезд
10.	flyover,over-pass	j) велосипедист
11.	through route	k) затор
12.	lane	l) эстакада, путепровод
13.	stream	m) меры безопасности
14.	speed	n) пересечение в форме клеверного листа

road junction, road system, traffic streams, clover-leaf junction, traffic speed, traffic volume, car driver, traffic lane, danger spot.

1. It does not enable its traffic to cross without dropping speed. 2. It is constructed at places where there are few or no pedestrians and cyclists. 3. It enables its traffic to cross without dropping speed. 4. The major volume of its traffic travels on a fast through route. 5. It enables high speeds to be maintained. 6. Only a small percentage of its traffic travels to left or right. 7. It is extremely expensive. 8. It is a perfect example of complete segregation of different classes of traffic.

1. Both junctions and intersections are the worst danger spots in a road system. 2. If all classes of traffic meet each other at the same level there is a danger of collision. 3. The need for users of the same class to cross the traffic streams is the most dangerous process of all. 4. An intersection is a point at which two or more roads cross each other. 5. When leaving the junction you should manage to avoid those on the road you are approaching. 6. The angle of approach of converging streams of traffic should be as small as possible. 7. The angle of convergence should not be greater than 30 degrees.

1. The problems of reducing danger at road junctions and intersections are those of cost and space. 2. There is a danger of collision not only between vehicles of the same class but between those of different classes in cases when junctions and intersections are such that all classes of traffic meet.3.No collision can occur between vehicles at a clover-leaf junction if the drivers of those leaving the junction can manage to

1. What are the most dangerous spots in a road system? 2. What problems are connected with the problems of reducing danger of these points? 3. How can complete segregation of different classes of traffic be achieved? 4. What types of road junctions do you know? 5. What does the success of a junction depend on?

ОБРАЗЕЦ: A road junction is the point at which one road crosses another.

The statement is incorrect. A road junction is a point, where one road meets another.
1. If crossings are such that all classes of traffic meet at the same level, no collision will take place. 2. Drivers leaving the junction and those on the road they are approaching should avoid each other-which is an easy thing. 3. The shorter the length of the road in which weaving is carried out, the more easily can weaving be performed.
8. Прочтите текст про себя за 5 минут и найдите ответ на данный вопрос:

How can the problem of safety be solved?
Roads appeared in the far-off times and were first in the form of pedestrian tracks. Then, as civilization progressed, they became routes along which horse-drawn traffic and finally vehicles moved.

Roads have always had a dual function: as traffic routes and as a means of approach to dwellings and other buildings. But since the growth of transport these functions have been seriously in conflict with each other. Today this conflict is extremely great and leads to great danger.

Any town so planned that its citizens are killed in great numbers is an ill-planned town. The layout of all newly developed areas must be made dependent on the safety factor. Pedestrians and fast motor traffic will never and can never mix  they must be isolated.

Lesson 9

Today, federal funding and planning guidelines in the United States are administered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Its basic goal is to provide for a safe and consistent national system of highways. The state departments of transportation or local governments actually plan, construct, and maintain the highway systems.

Local highway agencies include those operated by counties, cities, and townships. Cities operate with local funds, typically under a mayor or city manager. A city’s public works department may be responsible for most road functions, or there may be departments for design, construction, and maintenance. Counties and townships typically have less complex systems.

In Canada, the majority of roads are constructed and funded by individual provinces and cities, with the federal government playing a minor role. The Canadian federal government does not play as large a role in highway planning and funding as does the U.S. government. However, in the late 1980s the Canadian federal government instituted the National Highway System, a network of over 24,000 km (15,000 mi) of roads connecting major cities and ports. The federal government also supports highways located on federal property, such as national parks, and maintains the Canadian portion of the Alaska Highway.

In planning roadway improvements, engineers collect data about current roadway use and planned new uses of roads, as well as other information, such as planned construction or nearby development. They also examine the land and decide where bridges or viaducts may be needed to carry the roadway over obstacles like rivers or other roads. Engineers then use computers to simulate or model new roadway designs. Depending on available funding, projects are planned for construction based on the priorities of the highway department and of the state, provincial, or local government in charge.
NEW WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
1. responsible - ответственный

2. to maintain - сохранять (в хорошем состоянии ); обслуживать; содержать в исправности

3. obligation - гарантия, обязательство

4. federal aid – федеральная помощь

5. highway traffic - уличное движение

6. in-depth - study - глубокий анализ

7. life-span - продолжительность жизни, срок службы, ресурс

8. road conditions – дорожные условия

9. need - необходимость, потребности

10. to expand - расширять(ся); увеличивать(ся)

11. guideline - руководство; указание, нормы; нормативы ,общий курс, направление

12. goal - цель

13. to connect - соединять(ся)

14. to locate - располагаться

15. improvement - улучшение, усовершенствование

16. viaduct – путепровод

1. 
   In the United States the state governments are not responsible for constructing and maintaining interstate highways.
   
2. 
   In Canada, the provincial governments share the obligation for road planning and construction with local cities and municipalities.
   
3. 
   Today, federal funding and planning guidelines in the United States are administered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
   
4. 
   In Canada, the majority of roads are constructed and funded by individuals.
   
5. 
   The Canadian federal government does not play as large a role in highway planning and funding.
   
6. 
   Engineers never use computers to simulate or model new roadway designs.
   
7. 
   National Highway System is a network of over 24,000 km (15,000 mi) of roads.
   

1.	viaduct	a) ответственный
2.	responsible	b) содержать в исправности
3.	to maintain	c) располагаться
4.	to expand	d) путепровод
5.	to locate	e) глубокий анализ
6.	improvement	f) цель
7.	need	g) расширять (ся)
8.	federal aid	h) гарантия, обязательство
9.	to connect	i) федеральная помощь
10.	goal	j) соединять (ся)
11.	in-depth - study	k) улучшение
12.	obligation	l) необходимость, потребности

1.	local governments
2.	state governments
3.	provincial governments
4.	road system
5.	future highway needs
6.	to play a minor role
7.	to carry the roadway over obstacles

Highway Tollbooth (пост у заставы, где взимается дорожный сбор) Vehicles pass through a tollbooth plaza at the George Washington Bridge between New York and New Jersey. Tolls on bridges and highways help pay for construction and maintenance and are a way for transportation departments to generate revenue. New tollbooths offer electronic payment, reducing transit time.

1.	maintenance	a)	неармированный бетон
2.	slab	b)	разделение потоков движения
3.	compression	c)	эстакада, путепровод
4.	mesh	d)	содержание и техническое обслуживание
5.	unreinforced concrete	e)	плита дорожного покрытия
6.	grain	f)	столкновение транспорта
7.	stream	g)	подземный ход; тоннель; подземный переход
8.	collision	h)	арматурная сетка
9.	junction	i)	сжатие
10.	under-pass	j)	зерно
11.	flyover,over-pass	k)	поток
12.	segregation	l)	дорожный узел

Did you know? Interstates and Highways of the United States An extensive network of interstates and other highways gives motorists the freedom to travel to many areas in the United States. Designed to alleviate (облегчать) traffic and to make long trips safer, faster, and more convenient, the interstate system includes approximately 70,000 km (43,400 mi) of road. Local highways generally connect major towns and popular locations within a relatively small area, while interstates connect the major cities in a broader region. Theoretically, a motorist could cross the country from coast to coast on interstates without encountering (столкнуться) a single traffic signal.

Lesson10
V.HISTORY OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION

(PART 1)
Early transportation focused on moving food from a hunt or a harvest to the places where people lived. Trails evolved from prehistoric animal paths, and early humans dragged their loads along these paths.

The discovery and use of the wheel was undoubtedly a driving force in building roads. Crude roads were in use in Mesopotamia in about 3000 B.C¹. Italy was connected to Denmark by a roadway as early as 2000 bc.

During the period from 1900 to 300 bc, four trade routes, known as amber roads, ran across central and eastern Europe. One of the first preplanned roads was the Persian Royal Road, built by Darius I in 500 bc in what is now Iran. The Royal Road was about 2,400 km (about 1,500 mi) long and stretched throughout ancient Persia. The road was constructed for royal use.

The Chinese Silk Road ( 100 bc), was a series of roads connecting ancient Rome and China. The road extended about 6000 km (about 4000 mi).

The ancient Romans built a durable system of roads. The Roman road-building era began in 312 bc. The first road constructed was the Appian Way, which led from Rome to Brundisium (now Brindisi), a port in what is now southern Italy. The Appian Way was the main route to Greece, and it ran over 560 km (350 mi). Roman advances in road-building techniques included preparation of foundation soils and base courses, brick paving, and, most importantly, provision for adequate drainage.

Ancient Roman road shown in cross section.

In the 15th and 16th centuries road building reached a high state of development under the Aztecs in Mexico, the Maya in Central America, and the Incas in South America. The Spanish conquistadors constructed a series of caminos reales (royal roads) during the 16th and 17th centuries. These were the first American highways, and they stretched from Veracruz, Mexico, northward to San Francisco, California, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, and eastward to Saint Augustine, Florida.

In the middle of the 17th century, the French government instituted a system of enforced local labor on the roads. About 24,000 km (about 15,000 mi) of main roads were built by this method.

The English Parliament allowed the companies to charge tolls for the use of the roads. These toll roads were called turnpikes, named for the turning of a pole, or pike², to permit entry of a vehicle after the driver paid the toll. Over 1,000 turnpike companies maintained 32,000 km (20,000 mi) of roads in England in the 1830s.

Important advances in road-building technology came in the 18th century. Pierre Trésaguet in France and Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam in Scotland introduced improved methods for creating roads made of stone. McAdam’s method stressed the need to keep the subsoil dry by including adequate drainage and waterproof covering. The term macadam originally referred to McAdam’s road-surface design, in which crushed or broken stone was mechanically locked together by rolling a large weight over the surface. Macadam was later used to describe other types of surfacing, including water-bound macadam, in which the crushed stone is cemented together with water. In penetration macadam, bituminous material sprayed on the compacted rock binds the rock together.