Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов

1.	route	a) простирать(ся), тянуть(ся)
2.	to extend	b) золотодобывающий
3.	to link	c) дорога, путь
4.	to develop	d) знаки
5.	to сross	e) скала
6.	desert	f) прибывать
7.	mountain	g) исследовать
8.	valley	h) соединять, связывать
9.	to suffer	i) долина
10.	to explore	j) гора
11.	take a trip	k) развивать,разрабатывать
12.	to remain	l) извилистая дорога
13.	rock	m) пустыня
14.	a winding road	n) оставаться
15.	to arrive	o) съездить,совершить поездку
16.	gold-mining	p) пересекать
17.	signs	q) страдать; испытывать

1. 
   The idea for Route Sixty-Six started in the state of California.
   
2. 
   In the very beginning Route Sixty-Six crossed eight American states.
   
3. 
   People usually call Route Sixty-Six "the main street of America."
   
4. 
   Mister Wallis, one of America’s top experts on Route Sixty-Six, says there has been a huge increase in interest in Route Sixty-Six from Americans and people around the world.
   
5. 
   Parts of Route Sixty-Six were not even they were in bad condition.
   
6. 
   Jim Conkle placed signs along Route Sixty-Six to protect the road.
   

1.	to connect state roads
2.	huge road systems
3.	to travel at very high speeds
4.	interstate highways
5.	to represent the spirit of movement and excitement
6.	bus trip
7.	a road map for future travelers

1.	trail	a)	транспортные расходы
2.	transportation costs	b)	дорожное покрытие
3.	limited access	c)	платная (автомобильная) дорога
4.	base course	d)	дроблёный камень, щебень
5.	toll road	e)	тропа, тропинка
6.	discovery	f)	кирпичная выстилка
7.	road surfacing	g)	слой основания
8.	brick pavement	h)	ограниченный доступ
9.	cost-effective	i)	открытие
10.	foundation soil	j)	платная (автомобильная) дорога
11.	turnpike	k)	(грунтовое) основание
12.	crushed stone	l)	доходный, прибыльный,

Lesson13
1. Think about the topic. Read the title and sub-heading of the article.

b) How do they affect your daily life?

c) Has anything been done to solve the problems? If so, what?

d) What ways can you think of to reduce the number of cars in cities?

1 Read the headings A-E.

a) Which five cities did the writer visit?

b) What do you know about any of these cities?

c) Are any of your ideas for solving traffic problems mentioned?

d) What others are mentioned?

Curitiba has very few traffic jams, even though it has more cars per person than any other Brazilian city except Brasilia. This is because the authorities have developed an efficient bus network to transport people rapidly around the city. Main roads have special lanes for buses only, so that they do not get caught in traffic jams. Services are regular and frequent, and it is quick and easy to switch from one bus route to another. Every two kilometres there are bus terminals, equipped with newspaper stands, public telephones, post offices and shops. There is a fixed fare for all the journeys within the city. It is a simple, easy-to-understand system, and it works. Nearly 75 per cent of commuters in Curitiba travel by bus.

In Milan, cars need a permit to enter the city centre. Only residents and some employers can obtain a permit, so very little traffic now drives in or out. Nearly everyone parks on the edge of the restricted area and heads for the centre on foot. As a result, Milan now has many pedestrian-only shopping streets, and this has led to an increase in shopping in the city centre. Grass and trees have been planted, and many other improvements have also been made. The permit scheme is now recognised as a great success. The scheme is unique to Milan, but it is thought that similar car bans will have spread to other Italian cities by the end of the decade.

The town of Delft in Holland has solved its traffic problems by encouraging people to cycle. In 1980, separate bike lanes were created on all major routes, as well as 12 kilometres of bike-only two-way streets, two special tunnels, and three new bridges for cyclists. Government rules require all shops to provide parking spaces for bicycles. Offices have to provide one secure bicycle space for every three employees, and each house must have a bicycle garage. In the first three years of operation, the average number of kilometres driven by car owners in Delft dropped by 6 per cent. In the rest of the country that number rose on average by 15 per cent. More than 50 per cent of all trips in Delft are now made by bicycle.

In Athens, car owners are only allowed to drive into the city centre every other day. They must match the final number of their car number plate to the days date - if the date is an even number, and so is the final number of the number plate, then they can enter the inner-city area. The same goes for odd number plates and odd dates. This means that 50 per cent of all cars must stay at home each day. Pollution is measured every day, and when the levels of pollution get too high, all cars are banned from entering the city centre. However, as the new underground railway is completed and extended, it is hoped that soon more commuters will be travelling by Metro. If so, it may be possible to lift the present traffic restrictions.

Traffic jams and growing pollution in this historic German city forced the local council to take action in 1990. To encourage people to leave their cars at home, regular fast public transport was introduced, and bicycle paths and wider pavements were built. The town centre became traffic-free, apart from cars for the disabled. A ‘park-and-ride’ system offers a free car park on the outskirts of the town, and a free bus service into the centre. There is also a place to leave shopping in the town centre, so people can walk around without their bags, and pick them up later.

2. commuter-пассажир, пользующийся сезонным билетом

3. traffic jam –пробка, затор

4. permit - 1) пропуск 2) позволение, разрешение

5. resident -житель

6. employer -работодатель

7. ride –прогулка, поездка (верхом на машине, велосипеде и т.д.)

8. pedestrian-пешеход

9. ban -запрещение

10. bike ,bicycle-велосипед

11. cyclist -велосипедист

12. number plate - номерной знак автомобиля (автомобиля)

13. odd -нечетный

14. restriction -ограничение

15 pavement - тротуар

16. restricted area –район ограниченной скорости движения автотранспорта

2. There is a special bus service to the centre that costs nothing.

3. People can only use their cars on certain days.

4. You pay the same for your ticket wherever you travel in the city.

5. Only people who live in the city centre can drive there.

6. Drivers leave their cars outside the city centre.

7. A new transport system is under construction.

8. Shoppers donТt need to carry their purchases around with* them.

9. You can buy stamps or make a phone call at a bus stop.

10. Cyclists have special roads just for them.

Read this statement. Think of arguments for and against. What is your opinion?

"All cars should be banned from our cities."
6. Vocabulary: compound adjectives.
1. Make adjectives using the underlined words below, as in the example. Then check your answers in the text.

a) A system that is easy for people to understand =an easy-to-understand system

b) A street that is only for pedestrians.

c) A street that is only for bicycles.

d) A street that goes two ways.

e) A town centre that is free of traffic.

1 A street where cars go one way only.

2 A stereo system that is easy to use.

3 A drink that is free of sugar.

In Russia, busy with its own problems, it has been publicized in different publications, but not widely discussed in the mass media. Now interest in the project has grown sharply and there has even been created an organizing structure for its realization ("the non-commercial partnership of the 'ERAA' project"). The_essence of the project consists of the following: to joicLthe modern superhighway systems of Western Europe, Belarus, central Russian, Siberia, Alaska and North America. The possibilities of laying two new road branches have been researched: from central Russia to Tashkent and further to India and from Irkutsk to Vladivostok, Seoul, Peking and by the ferry in Japan. The project offers to unite the interest of 40 states with a combined population of 2 - 5 billion people and, provisionally, is valued at $300 b.

As always during the discussion of grandiose projects the following two points have been raised: it's necessary but impossible, and it's possible but not necessary. If we take everything into consideration, serious analysis of the necessity of the project shows that such a transport system would be beneficial to Russia. The evaluation of the effectiveness of creating such a superhighway requires analysis of many transport issues and to study all sides of load / passenger flow, the geographical position on of the road the climate, speed of conveyance, expenditure on construction, exploitation and a whole series of other questions concerned with the general requirements of the superhighway.

An intercontinental transport artery should provide transport of all types of freight (except the very largest), transported by air, rail, sea and road transport. Obviously, the superhighway should transport such loads as transported by container ships. The second requirement is a high speed of conveyance, since for a long distance it is economically profitable to transport with the maximum possible speed, commensurate with aviation the third requirement is that the superhighway should have a minimum impact on the surrounding environment (special approaches and technical decision making will be needed). Finally, the fourth requirement is for security of freight and passenger safety.

The technical / economic grounding of the building of such a highway should take into account all the above requirements. In the even of a satisfactory result to economic calculations regarding the highway, it is expedient now to search for ways of technical realization. Without special calculations it can be assumed that ever are super modern motorway would be unprofitable. It's unlikely that many enthusiasts will be found who want to drive by car from Paris to New York - it's 180 hours of pure driving time at an average speed of 100 km/hour. Furthermore, it's obvious that roads through northern regions of Russia will be very expensive to built and exploit.

One of the ways out of such a situation is the creation of a multi highway. In the understanding of the authors a multi highway is a combination of a road and other forms of transport, which provide speeds close to those of aviation. Such a form a transport situated close to the road, with the ability to transport large containers, would allow a motorist to travel by car or, by means of leaving the car on a special platform, to pass over stretches of the road he doesn't want to drive over in perfect comfort. In places where the road won't be profitable one fast motorway should be enough.

In Russia carrying out of technical calculations have shown that such a multi highway can be built in a realistic period of time and for realistic expenditure. In the framework of the given article we won't touch on technical issues concerning the creation of the multi highway. The creation of a transcontinental multi highway in a short period can't be achieved by the strength of one country. The route will be used by a number of countries but the base of the project, taking into account geographical and technical points, should be situated in Russia.

Does Russia need such a multi highway? The supporters of the ERAA project, considering the experience of several other highly developed countries, have been persuaded of the necessity for building the transcontinental multi highway on Russian territory. It would unite the interests of 24 regions of the Russian Federation, which have confirmed their readiness to participate in the project. The northern routes, from Baikal to the Bering Strait, will change the links of remote regions, providing, in good time, energy, trade and the solving of ethnic and social problems.

The second argument in favour of the ERAA project is that its realization will revive practically all branches of the country's economy - metallurgy, car building, energy, communication, construction, medicine, agriculture, culture and so on. It will give a new impulse to science and increase the power of Russia with the technical progress and advancement the ERAA project is an idea for the national revival of Russia. It can be realized in 18 years, in analogue with the trans- Siberian.

"The beginning is half of everything" - in this article is a proposal to open a discussion about the existing problems and translate them into the plainness of practical business and the realization of the project of the 21st century.

Lesson 14
TRAFFIC CONTROL

(PART 1)
I. INTRODUCTION

Traffic Control, procedures, devices, and communication systems that help vehicles safely share the same roads. Traffic control establishes a set of rules and instructions that drivers, rely on to avoid collisions. Safe travel for pedestrians is an additional goal in highway traffic control. Traffic control systems include signs, lights and other devices that communicate specific directions, warnings, or requirements. With almost 190 million motorists and 6.3 million kilometers (3.9 million miles) of public roads in the United States, traffic control on the highways is an important aspect of daily life.

Traffic control systems include laws and procedures, electronic and physical devices such as radar, signs and signals, and people such as traffic controllers. The system varies depending on its location and the type of transportation it controls.

Motorists depend on traffic control devices to avoid collisions and travel safely to their destinations. Traffic control devices for highway travel include signs, signal lights, pavement markings, and a variety of devices placed on, over, near, or even under, the roadway.

Traffic signs are the most extensively used form of traffic control in the United States. More than 55 million traffic signs line the nation’s roadsides. They provide information about speed limits and road conditions. They direct traffic along certain routes and to specific destinations. By using signs, traffic control planners tell drivers what to do and where to drive. Uniform pictorial signs were adopted first in Europe so that drivers could understand road regulations even if they did not understand the local language. The United States adopted the signs in the 1970s and developed a set of national standards for sign color, shape, and usage.

Pavement markings separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicles into proper positions on the roadway. For example, pavement markings delineate turn lanes at intersections and establish no-passing zones. White and yellow paint is customarily used for pavement markings. Reflective devices are more visible at night and are used in some locations to mark lanes and other significant places on the road.

2. device - устройство, прибор

3. safe - безопасный

4. to establish a set of rules – издавать инструкцию (правила дорожного движения)

5. driver - водитель

6. to avoid collision - избегать столкновения

7. highway traffic - уличное движение

8. traffic sign - дорожный знак ( дорожный указатель )

9. light = traffic light - светофор

10. communicate - говорить, сообщать

11. direction - направление

12. warning -1) предупреждение; предостережение 2) предупреждающий сигнал

13. requirement - требование

14. motorist - автомобилист

15. traffic controller - диспетчер

16. destination - место назначения, пункт назначения

17. signal light - сигнальная лампа

18. to delineate - набрасывать, чертить

19. pavement marking – линия деления проезжей части дороги

20. roadside - край дороги, обочина, придорожная полоса