Методические указания по изучению английского языка для специальности 270205. 65 «автомобильные дороги и аэродромы»

2. trail - тропа, тропинка, дорожка

3. to drag - тянуть, тащить

4. to stretch - тянуть( ся ), простираться

5. discovery - открытие

6. to connect - соединять(ся)

7. roadway - шоссе; мостовая; проезжая часть дороги

8. route - дорога, путь, маршрут

9. to pre-plan - предварительно планировать

10. to extend - простирать(ся), тянуть(ся

11. durable - надежный, прочный

12. foundation soil – (грунтовое) основание

13. base course - слой основания, подстилающий слой дорожного покрытия

14. brick pavement - клинкерная мостовая, кирпичная выстилка

15. adequate drainage – соответствующий дренаж

16. main road - главная дорога, шоссе, магистраль

17. to charge tolls – брать плату, пошлину

18. turnpike - платная (автомобильная) дорога

19. subsoil - подпочва; подстилающий слой грунта

20. waterproof covering – водонепроницаемое покрытие

21. broken stone - щебень

22. crushed stone - дроблёный камень, щебень

23. water-bound macadam – водосвязное шоссе (щебёночное покрытие или основание с поливом водой перед укаткой)

24. penetration macadam - щебеночное покрытие с пропиткой вяжущими материалами (напр. битумом )

1. 
   Early transportation focused on moving food from one road to another.
   
2. 
   One of the first preplanned roads was the turnpike.
   
3. 
   The Chinese Silk Road was a series of roads connecting ancient Rome and China.
   
4. 
   The first road constructed by Italians was the Appian Way.
   
5. 
   Spanish conquistadors never constructed roads.
   
6. 
   In the middle of the 17th century, the French government instituted a system of enforced local labor on the roads.
   

1. 
   What were the first American highways?
   
2. 
   What is “Appian Way”?
   
3. 
   What roads were called turnpikes?
   
4. 
   Who introduced improved methods for creating roads made of stone?
   
5. 
   What does the term “macadam” mean?
   

1.	turnpike	a) утрамбованная каменная засыпка
2.	compacted rock	b) щебень
3.	transportation	c) дорога, путь, маршрут
4.	to charge tolls	d) подпочва; подстилающий слой грунта
5.	route	e) главная дорога, шоссе
6.	discovery	f) транспорт
7.	main road	g) платная (автомобильная) дорога
8.	foundation soil	h) тропа, тропинка
9.	trail	i) тянуть(ся ), простираться
10.	crushed stone	j) брать плату, пошлину
11.	brick pavement	k) (грунтовое) основание
12.	to stretch	l) открытие
13.	durable	m) клинкерная мостовая
14.	subsoil	n) надежный

1.	crude roads
2.	the first preplanned road
3.	a durable system of roads
4.	a system of enforced local labor
5.	to permit entry of a vehicle
6.	to bind the rock together

Darius I This stone carving depicts Darius I, also known as Darius the Great, and his son and successor Xerxes I. Darius I ruled the Persian Empire from 522 to 486 bc. He secured the outer borders of the empire and reformed its internal organization, built highways, encouraged commerce, and organized a postal system. Darius allowed freedom of worship among the many different ethnic groups in the vast empire, earning their respect and goodwill.

500 BC Persian Road System Develops The first civilization to construct a huge network of roads throughout their empire, the Persians paid much attention to the building and upkeep of their roads. These roads facilitated warfare, political communication, and economic development through trade. Map of the Persian Empire Once a minor force in the Middle East, Persia became a dominant power during the 6th century bc when kings Cyrus the Great and Darius I consolidated Persian strength and extended the domain of the empire. This map portrays the Persian Empire at the height of its power and indicates the location of Persepolis, one of the empire’s capital cities. The map also shows cities and areas that the Persians conquered, including Susa, the ancient capital of Elam; Ecbatana, the capital of the Median people; and Mesopotamia, the region that gave rise to some of the world’s first civilizations

Lesson 11

(PART 2)
In the American colonies and in the settlements of Canada, primitive roads connected trading posts and forts. The first colonial road in the United States was the Boston Post Road, connecting Boston, Massachusetts, with New York City. This road began as a path and then became a roadway paved first with wooden logs and then with flat wooden planks. Many other roads grew to connect cities along the coast.

In the late 1700s, turnpikes were introduced in the United States. Early U.S. turnpikes were local government projects, but later turnpikes were private. Federal financing of road construction began in 1806 when the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the National Road, also called the Cumberland Road. The National Road helped expand trade and settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

At the time  road quality was poor. Improvements in materials came with the introduction of asphalt paving in 1870, but the biggest motivation for road improvement came with the popularity of the automobile at the start of the 20th century. State governments soon formed highway agencies to take over and organize improvement efforts. In 1912 the federal government began funding one-third of the cost of roads on which mail was carried.

By 1930 the population centers of the United States were connected by a system of all-weather, two-lane roads. The early ideas for a network of federal interstate highways in the United States took form in the 1930s, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs helped pay for the Pennsylvania Turnpike, a toll road that opened in 1940.

Modern highway construction became nationwide with the construction of four-lane and six-lane roadways with limited access.

The  Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 funded the construction of almost 70,000 km (more than 43,000 mi) of interstate highways. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, a big supporter of the program, had personally experienced a transcontinental trip by car and truck while in the U.S. Army in 1919. Another positive influence on Eisenhower’s desire to improve road systems was the efficient German network of superhighways called autobahns that he saw during World War II.

Construction of the interstates began in the 1950s and continued through the 1990s. Private, commercial, and government vehicles use the interstate highways. This network of roads saves the United States billions of dollars each year in time and transportation costs.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Canada also began major roadway construction to serve the rise in vehicle ownership. Work began on construction of the MacDonald-Cartier Freeway, serving southern Ontario. The Trans-Canada Highway stretches across Canada, linking St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, on the Atlantic coast with Victoria, British Columbia, on the Pacific coast. The highway was formally opened in 1962. It passes through every provincial capital and also through several other major cities in the southern part of Canada.

Civil engineers continue to research ways of designing and building the most efficient and cost-effective roads. New types of road surfacing make roads more durable and easier to construct. Computers play a large role in helping engineers experiment with different road designs and in anticipating how factors like population growth affect road and highway transportation.

2. fort - форт, крепость

3. to pave - замащивать, мостить

4. wooden log – деревянное бревно

5. flat plank – плоская доска

6.all-weather - 1) всепогодный 2) погодостойкий

7.toll road - платная (автомобильная) дорога

8. limited access - ограниченный доступ

9. transportation costs- транспортные расходы

10.to serve - обслуживать; снабжать

11.to link - соединять, связывать

12.to pass - идти; проходить

13.capital – столица

14.civil engineer - инженер-строитель

15.to research - исследовать; заниматься исследованиями

16.efficient -эффективный

17.cost-effective - доходный, прибыльный, рентабельный

18.road surfacing - дорожное покрытие

1.	settlement	a) платная (автомобильная) дорога
2.	fort	b) дорожное покрытие
3.	road surfacing	c) транспортные расходы
4.	cost-effective	d) погодостойкий
5.	all-weather	e) форт, крепость
6.	to pave	f) ограниченный доступ
7.	limited access	g) колония, поселение
8.	toll road	h) замащивать, мостить
9.	transportation costs	доходный, прибыльный,

1. 
   What was the first colonial road in the United States? Describe it.
   
2. 
   What was the biggest motivation for road improvement in the 20th century?
   
3. 
   When did the first federal interstate highways appear in the USA?
   
4. 
   How do the computers help to construct the new roads?
   

1. 
   U.S. turnpikes are local government projects.
   
2. 
   President Dwight D. Eisenhower had personally experienced a transcontinental trip by car while in the U.S. Army in 1919.
   
3. 
   The network of roads is not profitable in the US.
   
4. 
   Eisenhower did not like the German network of superhighways.
   
5. 
   New types of road surfacing make roads more durable.
   

1.	trading posts
2.	local government projects
3.	the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the National Road
4.	a network of federal interstate highways
5.	asphalt paving
6.	highway construction
7.	the most efficient and cost-effective roads
8.	civil engineers

Lesson12
1. Read and translate the following texts without a dictionary:

Then in nineteen-eighty-five, Route Sixty-Six was officially removed from the national highway system. During the past few years, however, people living near the old Route Sixty-Six have formed organizations. They have succeeded in saving parts of the road. They also are saving hundreds of eating places, places to stay and interesting places to visit along the way.

Now we drive through Saint Louis, Missouri, a city of more than three-hundred-thousand people. Saint Louis is called "the gateway to the West." Missouri has many natural wonders. One of the most famous on Route Sixty-Six is Meramec Caverns in Stanton.

We pass through many historic towns in Oklahoma. In Oklahoma City, we can visit the National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center. And in Clinton, we can see the Route Sixty-Six Museum. It is the first official museum that tells the complete history of the road and its importance to America.

Continuing west, we travel through the states of New Mexico and Arizona. We pass through some of the most beautiful country in the Southwest. Petrified Forest National Park is one of the wonders of Arizona. Trees that are millions of years old have been turned to stone in unusual shapes. North of Route Sixty-Six is the Painted Desert. It is named for the colorful red and yellow sand and rocks.

Now we enter the state of California. We pass through the Mojave Desert, some mountains and several interesting towns. But Route Sixty-Six becomes lost among the large road systems of Los Angeles. This "main street of America" ends at the Pacific Ocean in Santa Monica.