Translate the following word combinations and sentences

1. 
   rain heavily It rarely rains heavily in England - just often!
   
2. 
   in sight The boat was not in sight when we reached the
   

3. 
   difficulty in Eva has difficulty in remembering all her
   

4. 
   turn over Several boats turned over in the strong wind.
   
5. 
   at once The teacher called, and the boy came at once.
   
6. 
   take care of "You'll take care of my dog while I'm away,
   

7. 
   come round The boxer didn't come round for ten minutes after the fight.
   
8. 
   at high speed Modern planes can travel at extremely high
   

9. 
   enquire about They enquired about the trains at the station.
   
10. 
    after all The weather looked bad, but we didn't need
    

11. 
    get over He had 'flu for weeks, but finally he got over it.
    

5. Решите кроссворд.
1. The process of giving the meaning of something, of making something clear by speaking or writing.
2. function
3. Coming or being earliest in time or order.
4. A circular object which turns around an inner part with which it is connected, used for turning machinery making vehicles move.
5. A quantity of electricity put into a battery.
6. Opposite to advanced.
7. The act of putting one foot in front of the other in order to move along.
8. A carriage a motor car a jeep a lorry a motorcycle a taxicab			?
9. To fall down suddenly
10 11

Keys:

Lesson 19

1 hand luggage a) issuing more tickets than there are seats available

Travel Ten tickets entitle you to make ten bus journeys by public transport. The tickets are colour-coded, according to the number of sections for which they can be used on each journey. These tickets are useful if you need to travel the same route a number of times. Most visitors will require either a Blue

Travel Ten (1-2 sections) or a Red Travel Ten (3-9 sections). Most visitors' TravelTen tickets can be transferred from one user to another and can be shared by more than one passenger. The most economical of the composite tickets are the Travel Passes which allow unlimited seven-day travel on buses , trains and ferries as long as you travel within stipulated zones.

They are sold in ‘bus only' or ‘bus-ferry' and ‘bus-ferry-train' combinations. The Red Travel Pass, combined ‘bus-ferry-train' ticket, covers all zones included in the usual tourist outings. The slightly more expensive Green Travel Pass allows for bus, train and ferry travel over a wider area. Route numbers and destinations are prominently displayed on the buses and an X in front of the number means it is an express bus. Tickets (one-way only) are bought from the driver. Try to have coins at hand as drivers are not always able to change large notes. You will be given a ticket valid for that journey - if you change buses you will have to pay again. Timetables are found on the bus stop sign or at a nearby shelter. The Sunday timetable also applies to public holidays, except when they fall on a Saturday. In this case, Saturday timetables apply after 6 pm.

a) visitors to Sydney

b) transportation in Sydney

c) bus services

d) what kind of ticket to buy
2 TravelTen tickets

a) are good if you travel the same line frequently.

b) can only be used by the purchaser.

c) are only valid for seven consecutive days.

d) provide unlimited travel on buses and ferries.
3 Visitors travelling regularly from the city to the suburbs should buy

a) a TravelTen ticket.

b) the Green TravelPass.

c) the Red TravelPass.

d) the Blue TravelPass.
4 An X in front of the bus numbers means

a) it will only stop at certain points.

b) only passengers with tickets can get on.

c) it is a high-speed bus.

d) it does not run at weekends.


5 If January is a bank holiday and falls on a Saturday

a) the Saturday timetable applies all day.

b) the weekday timetable applies except after 6 pm.

c) there are no buses at all that day.

d) the Sunday timetable is applicable until 6 pm.


7. Complete the text with words from the box.

a) can, b)must, c)required to, d)should, e)allowed to, f)to do, g)not have to
DRIVING IN SYDNEY
Overseas visitors ............1 use their usual driving licences in New South Wales but ............2 have proof that they are simply visiting. You are also ............3 carry your licence with you whenever you are driving. You ............4 drive without wearing a seat belt. Driving is not the ideal way to get around central Sydney, although a car ............5 be very convenient for journeys into the suburbs and further afield. If you are planning to use a car you ............6 purchase a good street directory.

The city centre is often congested and it ...........7 be difficult to find a parking place. Look out for the blue and white ‘P' signs. You ............8 pay at a meter after 6.30pm on weekdays, on Saturday afternoons and all day Sunday.

At some intersections, which are clearly signposted, drivers are ...........9 make a left-hand turn at a red light after stopping, but ............10 give way to pedestrians.
8. Translate the text and learn the words printed in italics by heart.

Lesson 20

B). Female driver under 25 years old

C). Middle-aged male driver

D). Female driver more than 35 years old

E). Older driver (55+)



2 How has the artist characterised each driver? What potential road safety hazards are illustrated?
3 Discuss the following questions with another student.

Refer to the list of driver types A-E.

1. Who is the safest driver?

2. Who is the most dangerous driver?

3. Who is most likely to drink and drive?
4 With your partner, discuss which is a more significant factor in road accidents : gender or age?
You will find the answers to most of the questions in the text below:
SMASHING STEREOTYPES
In a study titled Male and Female Drivers: How different are they? Professor Frank McKenna of the University of Reading looked at the accident risk between men and women. He found that men drive faster, commit more driving violations, and are more inclined to drink and drive. They look for thrills behind the wheel, while women seek independence. And, although anecdotal evidence might suggest otherwise, women are not starting to drive as aggressively as men.

The question of whether, as drivers, women differ from men is important, because it could affect insurance premiums, which are closely geared to accident statistics.

Despite the increase in women drivers, McKenna's researchers found no evidence that this is changing accident patterns. It seems that age is far more important than gender in the car. It is the biggest single factor in accident patterns, and, while inexperienced new drivers of both sexes are more likely to be involved in accidents, the study found striking new evidence to confirm that young men drive less safely than any other group.

The survey shows that men and women aged 17 to 20 are most likely to be involved in bend accidents - men almost twice as often - but the difference decreases as drivers mature.

Nearly half of all accidents, involving young men and one-third of those involving young women take place when it is dark. Again, there is a steady decrease in such accidents as drivers grow older, but gender differences remain significant until drivers reach the age of 55.

Although there is little difference between men and women in the distance they keep from the car in front, there are differences across age groups. Young drivers show less regard for the danger of following more closely, and young men are likely to 'close the gap' as an aggressive signal to the driver in front to speed up or get out of the way.

Men consistently choose higher speeds than women of the same age and driving experience. "This could be because men seek a thrill when they drive," says McKenna. "Speed choice is one of the most important causes of accidents. But breaking the speed limits is regarded by men as a minor offence."

Contrary to public belief, young drivers, as a group, are more likely to avoid drinking alcohol if they are driving, while men in the 30 to 50 age group admitted to drinking the most alcohol before driving.

Men are most likely to nod off, probably because they are willing to drive for longer periods without a break – driver fatigue is a significant factor in accidents.

According to Andrew Howard, of the Automobile Association,"We have to combat the group that speeds for thrills. The key is how men are brought up to look at the car. It is this which needs to be addressed." ^[6]

2. to commit a violation - нарушить что-л.

3. independence -независимость

4. insurance premium -страховой взнос, страховая премия

5. to gear to -связывать

6. to confirm -подтверждать

7. to involve -втягивать, вовлекать

8. to regard - принимать во внимание , рассматривать

9. to close the gap - заполнить пробел

10. to nod off -клевать носом

11. to avoid gridlock-избежать пробки (на дороге)
5. Answer the questions:

Questions 1-3

Answer the following questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

1. What is women's motivation for driving?

2. Which group of drivers has grown in number in recent years?

3. What is the most significant factor in accident patterns?
Questions 4. After what age do men and women drive equally safely at night?
Questions 5-9

Classify the following statements (5-9) as applying to

Do the following statements agree with the information in the text? (Write)

INTRODUCTION

Airport, transportation center used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft . Airports provide transportation not only for people but also for freight, such as mail, perishable foods, and other important items.

An airport is composed of several areas and structures that are designed to serve the needs of both aircraft and passengers. Runways are the long, narrow areas where airplanes take off and land. Taxiways are paths that aircraft follow from the runways to the terminal building, where passengers board and exit aircraft at areas called gates located within the terminal. The terminal also contains ticket and baggage counters. The control tower is located near the terminal. From this tower, people involved in air traffic control coordinate aircraft movement both in the air and on the ground. Maintenance and refueling facilities for aircraft are located near the runways or in nearby hangars. For security purposes, access to major airports is usually limited to special roads. Many airports have large automobile parking areas or multistory ramps to accommodate travelers.

Airports are among the busiest transportation centers. The business they create is vital to the world economy and individual national economies. In the United States, over 500 airports provide airline passenger service to about 600 million people annually. These airports also handle about 15 million metric tons of air cargo each year. Canada’s 26 airports in its National Airport System provide service to about 60 million passengers annually. The total annual economic impact of U.S. airports is estimated at over $500 billion. This value includes the price of airfares purchased by passengers, the salaries of airline and airport employees, taxes, and indirect earnings from related businesses and industries. Airports are so important economically that many companies will not locate factories or offices in cities that do not have an adequate airport.

The busiest passenger airports in the world are Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago-O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California; Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, near Dallas, Texas; and Heathrow Airport in London, England.

Airbus A320 The Airbus A320 is a modern medium-range passenger jet, capable of carrying approximately 150 passengers. The cockpit features electronic “fly-by-wire” controls, rather than the mechanical controls of earlier jets.

1. to land- делать посадку

2. to take off - взлетать

3. aircraft - самолет

4. freight - груз

5. perishable foods = perishables - скоропортящиеся грузы; скоропортящиеся товары

6. structure- строение, структура

7. area - участок, пространство; район, область, зона

8. runway - взлетно-посадочная полоса, ВПП

9. airplanes - аэроплан, самолет

10. taxiway - рулежная дорожка

11. terminal (building) - аэровокзал, здание аэровокзала

12. to board - садиться на самолет, всходить на борт

13. exit - выйти, выход

14. gate - ворота; дверь, проход, затвор, клапан, заслонка ,шлюз выход ( в аэропорте )

15. ticket - билет

16. baggage - багаж

17. control tower - диспетчерская вышка; контрольно-диспетчерский пункт

18. air traffic control - 1) управление воздушным движением 2) авиадиспетчерская служба 3) авиадиспетчер

19. refueling -дозаправка, заправка

20. facilities - оборудование, приспособления, аппаратура;

21. maintenance - содержание и техническое обслуживание, уход; текущий ремонт

22. ramp - трап

23. airline - авиалиния; авиакомпания

24. cargo- груз

25. airfare - стоимость, цена авиабилета

Airports differ in size and layout depending on their function and the types of aircraft that use them. There are three major types of airports: military airports, general aviation airports, and commercial airports. Military airports have one or two paved runways, generally 3,000 to 4,600 m (10,000 to 15,000 ft) long. These airports are used only by military aircraft.

General aviation airports, which cater to small civilian aircraft, are smaller than commercial airports. They are often found in rural areas or in small towns. General aviation airports have one or two runways from 900 to 1,500 m (3,000 to 5,000 ft) long. Some runways at general aviation airports are paved, but many are simply grass-covered paths. Facilities vary widely at general aviation airports, depending on the size of the airport. Commercial airports are used by airlines. These airports may be small or large. Small commercial airports have one or two runways from 1,800 to 2,400 m (6,000 to 8,000 ft) long and can accommodate larger aircraft than general aviation airports can. Large commercial airports serve the world’s major cities. They usually have pairs of parallel runways from 3,000 to 3,700 m (10,000 to 12,000 ft) in length. Airports approved as destinations for flights from other countries are known as international airports.
AIRPORT OPERATIONS

Commercial airports are designed to transfer passengers and freight to and from aircraft. In order to accomplish this transfer as efficiently and as safely as possible, airport operations are grouped into four general areas: aircraft services, passenger and freight services, support services, and airport security. Aircraft services focus on the flight, maintenance, and refueling of aircraft at the airport, as well as on air traffic control around the airport. Passenger services are centered in the terminal building, where passengers purchase tickets, load baggage, and enter and exit aircraft. Terminals are designed in a variety of ways depending on the needs and size of a given airport. Airports also provide many support services indirectly related to air travel, such as restaurants, shops, parking, and aircraft emergency services. Finally, airport security involves ensuring the safety of passengers and aircraft by screening passengers and their luggage for weapons or explosives.

A. Aircraft Services

The runway of an airport allows aircraft to land at and take off from the airport. Airport runways are arranged to permit the maximum number of safe takeoffs and landings in all weather conditions. Runway designs at airports differ according to the type of aircraft ,the runway serves, the prevailing wind direction and speed, and the availability of land. Environmental factors such as nearby wildlife or mountains must also be considered when building runways.

Many airports have more than one runway. Parallel runways at civilian airports must be separated by at least 1,300 m (4,300 ft) if simultaneous approaches are to be allowed on both runways. If runways are closer together than that, aircraft landings and takeoffs must be staggered to ensure that a safe degree of separation exists between aircraft during flight. Good design practices require each runway to have a parallel taxiway so aircraft can enter or leave the runway as directly as possible. Taxiways are short paths followed by aircraft that connect the runways to an area called the apron, which surrounds the terminal gates. When an airplane lands, it moves from the runway to the taxiway, so that other aircraft can use the runway. Aircraft preparing to take off wait on the taxiway until the runway is clear. To aid in night landings and increase visibility in bad weather, runways are lit with white edge lights and taxiways are lined with blue edge lights.

The control tower is a structure located at or near the terminal. It manages all air traffic at the airport.It also coordinates baggage, fuel, and food service. Other airline employees provide pilots with final flight information, such as the passenger list and the latest weather information.

Ground crews working on the apron area near the gates help maintain aircraft in between flights. They load baggage, restock food and other supplies, perform routine maintenance, and refuel aircraft.
NEW WORDS & EXPRESSIONS

1. lay-out - планировка, план, расположение

2. military - военный

3. civilian aircraft- гражданский самолет

4. flight - полет

5. destination —конечный пункт маршрута

6. to transfer passengers – перевозить пассажиров

7. aircraft services-обслуживание воздушного судна

8. security – безопасность, защита, охрана

9. to load luggage –-грузить багаж

10. weapon - оружие ( для боевых действий )

11. explosive - взрывчатое вещество, взрывоопасное вещество

12. weather conditions - метеорологические (погодные) условия, метеоусловия

13. runway serves - обслуживание взлетно-посадочной полосы, ВПП

14. prevailing wind direction – направление господствующего ветра

15. availability -годность, полезность, пригодность;

16. to separate - отделять, разделять

17. approach - заход на посадку; подход к зоне аэродрома

18. apron - перрон ( аэровокзала )

19. visibility - видимость

20. ground crew - наземная команда

21. to restock food - пополнять запасы еды

Airport Terminal Today’s busy airports are designed to handle millions of passengers and hundreds of thousands of flights every year. For optimum efficiency airplanes park side by side at gates along the outside of concourses to receive and discharge passengers. The long concourses, containing passenger-waiting areas, branch out from a central terminal that houses airline ticket counters and baggage-claim areas.