Міністерство освіти І науки україни маріупольський державний університет рада з науково-дослідної роботи студентів, аспирантів, молодих вчених дебют збірник тез доповідей студентів

A classic example of the reflection of culture in is the expression: carry coals to Newcastle – ехать в Тулу со своим самоваром. Newcastle Upon Tyne in England was the UK's first coal exporting port and has been well-known as a coal mining centre since the Middle Ages, although much diminished in that regard in recent years. Carrying coal to Newcastle was a pointless activity - there being plenty there already. A Russian saying equivalent to carrying coal to Newcastle is “ехать в Тулу со своим самоваром”. The first historically recorded samovar-makers in Russia were the Lisitsyn brothers. In 1778 they made a samovar, and the same year Nazar Lisitsyn registered the first samovar-making factory in Russia. These and other early producers lived in Tula, a city known for its metalworkers and arms-makers. Since the 18th century Tula has been also the main center of Russian samovar production, with tulsky samovar being the brand mark of the city. So it was useless to go to Tula with your own samovar [5].

Phraseological unit “сам себя высек” means a man, who self-harms by thoughtless words or acts. It’s a Russian expression, which arose in in the middle of the XIX century from drama « Revizor» by Nikolay Gogol. The governor of the town, responding to a complaint of a widow, justifies himself that “она сама себя выскла”. Have kissed the blarney stone / the Blarney Stone is an English expression, which is based on an old superstition: people, who kiss the stone, located in the Irish Blarney Castle, acquires the ability to flatter [5].

One can cite a whole number of examples, where phraseological units, which reflect traditions and customs, exist only in one define language: “хлеб-соль” in Russian language and dance attendance on smb in English [3, p. 64].

Omens and superstition are unique. Thus, a superstition “встать не с той ноги” comes from heathen time, where there was a belief in opposition of good and evil, white and black, right and left sides. We can meet this symbolics in other languages. For example, in English get out of bed with left leg can be explained by a belief that everyone has his good or bad spirit, which exists on his right or left [5].

It’s a striking demonstration of the fact that phraseological units are closely associated with a way of life of define nation and reflect its universal linguistic picture of the world.

Literature

1. 
   Добровольский Д. О. Национально – культурная специфика во фразеологии / Д.О. Добровольский. – М., 1997. – 48 с.
   
2. 
   Корнилов О.А. Языковые картины мира как производные национальных менталитетов / О.А. Корнилов. – М., 2003. – 348 с.
   
3. 
   Мальцева Д. Г. Страноведение через фразеологизмы / Д. Г. Мальцева. – М.: Высш. шк., 1991. – 172 с.
   
4. 
   Кунин, А.В. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь.- 4-е изд. / А.В.Кунин. - М. : Рус. язык, 1984. - 944 с.
   
5. 
   С. Н. Денисенко. Відображення фразеологічної картини світу [Електронний ресурс] / Денисенко С.Н. – Львів, 2008. – Режим доступу: http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/Apfil/2011_2/Denysenko.pdf
   

Internet slang (Internet shorthand, Cyber-slang, netspeak, chatspeak, or translexical phonological abbreviation) refers to a variety of slang languages used by different communities on the Internet. Communication on the Internet occupies a lot of time especially for young people and teenagers. That’s why this theme is very actual and important nowadays. The purpose of my work is to reveal historical sources of Internet slang emergence and create the dictionary of the most usable slengizm on the Internet.

one heard the first rudiments of network slang a long time before emergence of the world wide web. This mysterious vocabulary was introduced to the world by Raphael Finkel in 1975 in "Jargon File" – in this collection the author united the hacker slang of a commercial crop used in MIT AI Lab, the Stanford AI Lab and other similar societies.

Since then the quantity the Internet of slengizm has increased a lot. Communication easiness is the primary motivation to use slang peculiar for the Internet. However, whereas Internet slang shortcuts saves time for the writer, it takes the reader twice as much time to understand. On the other hand, slang on the Internet is often a way of indicating group membership which makes it similar to the use of slang in traditional face-to-face speech or written language.

The modern network slang is wide and various. The abbreviations, created by Internet users, include not only reductions known for all – LOL (laughing out loud, laugh out loud), IMHO (in my humble opinion), JK (just kidding), OMG (Oh my god) and so on, but others, more difficult. If you want to express the hostility to the interlocutor and cut the conversation short quickly, you can tell KTHXBAI (OK, thanx, bye) or, on the contrary, to emphasize the good attitude to him, you can use LYLAB (Love you like a brother) or LYLAS (Love you like a sister).

Internet slang does not constitute a homogeneous language variety. Rather, it differs according to the user and type of Internet situation. However, within the language of Internet slang, there is still an element of prescriptivism, as seen in style guides, for example Wired Style, which are specifically aimed at usage on the Internet. Even so, few users consciously heed these prescriptive recommendations on SMS, but rather adapt their styles based on what they encounter online. Although it is difficult to produce a clear definition of Internet slang, the following types of slang may be observed. This list is not exhaustive.

Letter homophones. This group consists of abbreviations and acronyms. An abbreviation is a shortening of a word, for example "CU" or "CYA" for "see you (see ya)". An acronym, on the other hand, is a subset of abbreviations and are formed from the initial components of a word. Examples of common acronyms include "LOL" for "laugh out loud" or "lots of love" and "BTW" for "by the way". There are also combinations of both, like "CUL8R" for "see you later", "rofl" for "Rolling on the floor laughing".

Punctuation, capitalizations and other symbols are commonly used for emphasis or stress. Periods or exclamation marks may be used repeatedly for emphasis, such as "........" or "!!!!!!!!!!". Grammatical punctuation rules are also simplified on the Internet. "E-mail" may be expressed as "email", and apostrophes can be dropped so that "John's book" becomes "johns book". Examples of capitalizations include "STOP IT", which can convey a stronger emotion of annoyance as opposed to "stop it". Bold, underline and italics are also used to indicate stress.

Onomatopoeic spellings have also become popularized on the Internet. One well-known example is "hahaha" to indicate laughter. Onomatopoeic spellings is also rather specific. For instance, in Spanish, laughter will be spelt as "jajaja" instead. Deliberate misspellings, such as "sauce" for "source", are also used.

Emoticons are generally found in web forums, instant messengers and online games. They are culturally specific and certain emoticons are only found in some languages but not in others. For example, the Japanese equivalent of emoticons, kaomoji (literally "face marks"), focus on the eyes instead of the mouth as in Western emoticons. They are also meant to be read right-side up, for example, ^_^ as opposed to sideways, =). More recently than face emoticons, other emoticon symbols such as <3 (which is a sideways heart) have emerged. Compared to emoticons used in Western cultures such as the United States, kaomoji plays a very distinctive social role in online discourse.

Internet slang has influenced on the standard language use in non-computer-mediated communications.

Scientists tend to believe that the Internet has a negative influence on the future of language, and that it would lead to a degradation of standard. Some would even attribute any declination of standard formal English to the increase in usage of electronic communication. It has also been suggested that the linguistic differences between Standard English and CMC can have implications for literacy education. This is illustrated by the widely reported example of a school essay submitted by a Scottish teenager, which contained many abbreviations and acronyms likened to SMS language. There was great condemnation of this style by the mass media as well as educationists, who expressed that it showed diminishing literacy or linguistic abilities.

On the other hand, scientists have counter-argued that the Internet allows to express oneself better with a language. Rather than established linguistic conventions, linguistic choices sometimes reflect personal taste.

Internet slang is now prevalent in telephony, mainly through short messages (SMS) communication. Abbreviations and interjections, especially, have been popularized in this medium, perhaps due to the limited character space for writing messages on mobile phones. Another possible reason for this spread is the convenience of transferring the existing mappings between expression and meaning into a similar space of interaction.

At the same time, Internet slang has also replced everyday offline language, among those who have digital access. The nature and content of online conversation is brought forward to direct offline communication through the telephone and direct talking, as well as through written language, such as in writing notes or letters. The meaning of numerically based and abbreviated slang differs between written variant and speech implementation. It is spoken with non-slang words in a “stage direction” like fashion, where the actual action is not carried out but substituted with a verbal signal. The notions of flaming and trolling have also extended outside the computer, and are used in the same circumstances of deliberate or unintentional implicatures.

In conclusion, I want to say that it is necessary to monitor the development of this phenomenon within the period of time as the study of the Internet slang is fairly important for more accurate understanding of modern speech.

1. 
   Ричард A. Спиерс. Словарь американского сленга. - М.: Рус. Яз.,1991.
   
2. 
   Michael McCarthy. English Vocabulary in Use/Michael Mc Carthy. - Cambridge University Press, 2003. - 316 p.
   
3. 
   Жлуктенко, Ю.А. Английские неологизмы /Ю.А. Жлуктенко. - Киев.: Наукова думка, 2003. - 154 с.
   

УДК [821.111+821.112.2] – 343(043) Yerofeyeva Marina

There is no doubt English folk tales are different from Russian ones. They have all different: storyline and space, genre and plot. All this allows you to learn the culture and life of England and different stages of its history. The specific information and certain facts are in the heart of the English fairy tales. Consequently, this means that the English fairy tales are not fabulous, but rather sad stories. They do not always have a happy end, sometimes they can be cruel. The main character can be presented as a practical and very smart man, but unfriendly and dishonest. He is capable of tricks and deception, although he is different in pushfulness and energy. The traits that were valued in the bourgeois England where capitalism began to develop. For example, Molly in the fairy tale "Molly Whuppie " and Jack in the fairy tale "Jack and the Beanstalk " seek for happiness for themselves and their beloved people while cheating ogres.

Characters of other British tales are hard-working, honest, noble and brave, and some of them have become real national heroes. Take Jack, a peasant's son, the character of the fairy tale "Jack the Giant-Killer", thinks only about the award, coming to grips with the ogres, but then becomes a true fighter for the liberation of his people from rigid villains. The main motive of the English tale is to avoid failure. The characters do not try to achieve anything, but try to escape failure. But it is also worth mentioning that there is not any reason in the English folk tale. The main characters’ activities are not determined by their own desires, but also their duty and external circumstances. For example take a fairy tale, "Mr. Mike," in which a little boy Tommy fights for behaving well not to be eaten by Mr. Mike. Thus, in the fairy tale «The Magic Horn” greedy characters wish to receive horn. Or, for instance , in a fairy tale, " Tom Tit Tot " the main character is not a very smart girl who does not know how to spin five skeins of yarn per day , as her mother wanted her to do , but could only eat five puddings at once . However, the character finds a way out of this situation, by finding a wonderful helper for herself. Peasants, farmers, wizards and goblins are mainly characters in English fairy tales. There is often such a woman character who is brave and absolutely fearless. English fairy tales are very diverse involving fictional characters, evil forces and heroic tales of ogres and their control of the hero who is usually a representative of the common people.

The analysis of German folk tales reveals the following trends and patterns of the convention: the most common subjects are about humiliated and deprived people’s fates ("Cinderella"), where the truth should always prevail. The motive of a docile wife is frequently enough ("Der Frieder und das Katerliesschen") - a kind of mockery at sheepish spouses, and the relationship between people through the description of absurd conflict social scenes from the point of view of an average German.

In many fairy tales with the help of fiction and witty jokes such universal human vices as laziness, greed, envy and avarice are put on public trial. This human faulds are embodied through the images of animals, the features of which are differentiated by the characteristic of the Russian characters of the animal world. For example, in the German fairy tales the Hare is haughty and proud, The Cat - cunning and resourceful. The Mouse - trusting and kind, but The Hedgehog - smart, venturesome and dodgy. In the fairy tale «Katze und Maus in Gesellschaft» The Cat secretly eats a pot with butter, artfully encircling The Mouse around his finger. Finally, he eats the Mouse that learns about his friend’s artful deception. The characters of fairy tales are craftsmen, soldiers, peasants - come to the fight with dragons, ferocious giants, witches, but they always appear to be smarter and braver. The fate always rewards a simple peasant girl, unloved step-daughter or a kind-hearted shepherd for their honesty and hard work. But along with the theme of confrontation between good and evil, where supernatural powers help the characters, their troubles are replaced by well-being due to loyalty and kindness. In the German fairy tales there are also instructive, hilarious stories about the relationship between a man and a fantastic creature («Der Riese und der Schneider »,« Der Bauer und der Teufel »,« Die Wichtelmaenner ») .

German Witches live in beautiful , neat and tidy houses which are made of pastry, pies and sugar cakes «... es war aber ein kleines Gärtchen an dem verwünschten Häuschen, darin standen zwölf Lilien Blumen». They are predictable, consistent, and, of course, responsible. Their houses are always in order with comfort where everything is highly organized and has its place. All this shows the mentality and the national character of the Germans. They are always consistent, precise and accurate. The most popular tales are social tales. They mainly reflect the real life of the people. They lack the elements of fiction, but myth and exaggeration, which are easy to guess, help understand the image and personality of the character. A satirical beginning, which expresses sympathy for people is strongly demonstrated there. The Germans focus on industry, refractory nature, rationality, which, in their opinion, are the basis for the formation of the representative of each nation. Several types of plots clearly stand out in common German fairy tales. For example, the life of the spouses describing the relationship between a smart husband and a stupid and lazy wife. The Germans comprehend the basics of a German traditional marriage («Der Frieder und das Katerliesschen»).

Fairy tales are the most ancient creations of the human spirit. A tale is one of the most popular and favorite genres in the folklore and literature. Growing up, we read the stories ourselves, and they will be read and studied for a long time. While reading these tales, we always penetrate into their both magical and simultaneously real world. Every fairy-tale image entering our imagination becomes brighter than any film or television footage. This is not a trouble. After all, a fairy tale is a perfect work of the national spirit honoured over centuries or even millennia. As long as humanity exists, they need a dream, and, therefore, they cannot do without a tale that inspires, gives hope, amuses and comforts.

Literature

1. 
   Введенский А.под редакцией С. Маршака. По изданию "Братья Гримм. Сказки" М.:"Детская литература", 1991
   
2. 
   Катасонова Е.Н.Литературные сказки зарубежных писателей, М.: Детская литература (Москва), 1982 г.
   
3. 
   Пропп В.Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки. - С-П.: Лабиринт, 1998.
   
4. 
   Тер-Минасова С.Г. Язык и межкультурная коммуникация / С.Г. Тер-Минасова – М.: Слово, 2002. – 264 с.
   

УДК 811.161.2’373.21’373.45(043) Єфимова Марина Вячеславівна

Як кожна сучасна наука мовознавство характеризується інтенсивним розвитком тих галузей, які стикаються з суміжними науковими дисциплінами. До таких інтердисциплінарних напрямків лінгвістичного дослідження відноситься топоніміка. Майже всі географічні об'єкти — гори й низовини, моря й океани, острови й півосі рови, річки й озера, населені пункти й ліси — мають свої назви. Наука, що вивчає ці назви, називається топонімікою.

Актуальність теми зумовлена інтенсифікацією відносин між англомовними та україномовними соціумами й підвищеним інтересом до власних імен, що проникають в українську мову. Через істотні відмінності між двома взаємодіючими мовними системами передача англійських топонімів українською мовою викликає особливі труднощі, що пояснює існування кількох традиційних наукових підходів до зазначеної проблеми. Існує необхідність розробки чітких правил вимови й правопису запозичених власних назв. Річ у тому, що прагнення зберегти за об’єктом унікальне ім’я має на увазі цілий ряд завдань. На жаль, ці завдання не можуть бути реалізовані через ряд об’єктивних обмежень, а також тому, що деякі з запозичень в конкретних ситуаціях суперечать іншим. Саме тому кожному перекладачеві потрібно знати різні способи передачі топонімів – американізмів.

Мета дослідження – вивчення й аналіз закономірностей передачі топонімів (перш за все – топонімів-американізмів) іншою мовою і засвоєння їх іншомовним середовищем.

Ця праця виконана базуючись на працях вчених які зробили свій внесок у розвиток топоніміки взагалі і у вивчення топоніміки США, а саме: П.Г. Зеленський, В.Д. Бєлєнька, В.Ф. Барашков, Е.М. Мурзаєв, В.А. Ніконов, Є. М. Поспєлов, Р.П. Зорівчак, В.Г. Костомаров, Д. І. Єрмолович, А.В. Суперанська, С.С. Леонович, І. П. Литвин, Е.М. Верещагін, Г.Л. Менкен, Д.Р. Стюарт, Mallery R.D, Marckwardt A.H, Robert O'Neill [1, c.108].

Топоніми виконують функцію міжмовного, міжкультурного містка. Ця цінна властивість топонімів, проте, породила поширену ілюзію того, що назви не вимагають особливої уваги у вивченні іноземної мови і при перекладі з нього. Людину здавна цікавили питання походження географічних назв, і в першу чергу своєї місцевості, їх зміст і значення. Не знаючи справжніх причин їх походження, вона пояснювала ці назви за допомогою випадкової фонетичної подібності, без урахування мовних, географічних чи історичних закономірностей.

Найбільшу групу топонімів США складають запозичення з аборигенних мов Америки. Згідно словників топонімів – амеріканізмів на даний момент у США налічується близко 3 мільйонів функціонуючих назв і близько 1мільйона назв, що вийшли із вжитку. Кількість назв тільки населених пунктів перевищує 50 тисяч, стільки ж зниклих назв збереглося в документах. Зародження сьогоднішньої американської топонімії самим безпосереднім чином пов'язане з освоєнням території США європейцями. Колонізація Північної Америки почалася в XVI ст. і здійснювалася вона, головним чином, Іспанією, Англією та Францією. Процес колонізації супроводжувався війнами з докорінними жителями країни – індіанцяи, масовим їх знищенням і захопленням їх земель.

Топоніми як власні назви обслуговують категорію географічних об'єктів. У значенні топонімів-американізмів, як і будь-яких інших топонімів, можна виділити не менше трьох компонентів:

1) буттєвий, або інтродуктивний («існує щось»);

2) класифікуючий – зважаючи на приналежність референта до певного класу (денотату) («це щось – річка»);

3) індивідуальний («ця річка має назву Міссісіпі») [4, c.99].

У найзагальнішому випадку передбачається, що іноземний топонім має передаватися українською мовою наближено до вихідної форми звучання, тобто по правилах практичної транскрипції. Проте на це загальне правило накладаються додаткові міркування. Зокрема, перекладач може мати справу із текстом англійською мовою, який потрібно перекласти на українську і в якому містяться топоніми неанглійського походження. В цьому випадку при передачі топонімів не діють, звичайно, правила англо-української транскрипції, а необхідно враховувати правила передачі топоніма з мови оригінала. Що стосується суб'єктивних причин, з яких в передачі топонімів виникають проблеми, то вони в більшості своїй пов'язані з мовними посередниками – перш за все перекладачами, викладачами іноземних мов і журналістами, які далеко не завжди бачать глибину проблеми і не завжди озброєні усвідомленою стратегією розв’язання завдань мовного посередництва.

Перекладач не в силах усунути об'єктивні діалектичні протиріччя, пов'язані з функціонуванням топоніма в іншому мовному середовищі, але він може і зобов'язаний знати про них і максимально враховувати їх в своїй роботі. Таким чином, можна уникнути суб'єктивних помилок і неточностей. При цьому, звичайно, необхідно спиратися на той багатий досвід, що накопичений попередніми поколіннями перекладачів і лінгвістів [5, c.19].